Gold-bellied emerald hummingbird

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Gold-bellied emerald hummingbird
Gold-bellied emerald hummingbird

Gold-bellied emerald hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Emerald Hummingbirds ( Chlorostilbon )
Type : Gold-bellied emerald hummingbird
Scientific name
Chlorostilbon lucidus
( Shaw , 1812)

The orange-bellied Emerald Hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon lucidus ) or orange-bellied hummingbird is a bird species of the family of hummingbirds (Trochilidae). The species occurs in Brazil , Bolivia , Paraguay , Uruguay and Argentina . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The male gold-bellied emerald hummingbird reaches a body length of 9.3 cm with a weight of 3.8 g, with wings 5.1 cm, the tail 3.1 cm and the back of the beak 1.93 cm. The upper side and the wing-coverts are bronze-green, the upper tail-coverts blue-green. The underside has a strong golden-green sheen. The throat shines blue, the belly has a distinct gold color. The under tail-coverts are green, the wings blackish purple. The tail is blackish steel blue. The red beak has a black tip. The feet are black-brown. The female gold-belly emerald hummingbird weighs 3.5 g and is 9.4 cm long, with wings 5.3 cm, the tail 3 cm and the back of the beak 2 cm. The upper body, the wing covers and the flanks are golden green. There is a whitish streak behind the eye. The cheeks are blackish gray. The underside and the under tail-coverts are light gray, the wings blackish purple. The central control feathers are dark blue-green, the lateral steel blue with slightly greener roots and light gray tips on the outer feathers. The upper bill is blackish red with a black tip, the lower bill is red with a black tip. The color of the feet is black-brown like that of the males.

Fledglings are similar to adult females but have black beaks.

behavior

The birds get their nectar from blooming tabebuia , eucalyptus or the Jacaranda species, Jacaranda acutifolia . They pierce the base of the petals to get the nectar. They also feed on the fruits of Ficus diabolicus or hunt insects in flight or even spiders. As trapliners, they regularly fly to specific flowers in quick succession, which can also be far apart.

Reproduction

♀ in the brood

The breeding season of the nominate form is from November to February. The approx. 0.4 g heavy eggs are approx. 14.5 x 8 mm. The incubation period is 14 days, the young birds after hatching 28 days Nesthocker are. The nest of C. l. berlepschi is built on overhanging slopes by the wayside or under overhanging rocks on plant roots. It is cup-shaped and consists of flying seeds from sunflower and bromeliad plants . In addition, the birds use pieces of leaf and bark for construction, which they attach to the outer walls with cobwebs. The dimensions of the nests are very variable. Nesting and breeding seasons as well as egg dates correspond to the nominate form. C. l. pucherani breeds from August to March. The approx. 0.42 g eggs are approx. 14 × 9 mm in size.

distribution and habitat

The gold-bellied emerald hummingbird is found in practically every open to semi-open habitat. This includes forest areas, cerrados , caatinga , savannah, shrubbery, forest edges, pasture and meadow landscapes and gardens. It occurs at altitudes up to 2800 meters.

Vocalizations

The call sounds like a high-pitched, almost inaudible, rattling twittering. The songs sound like an inhaled, fast tiut-tuit-tuit-tuit .

Subspecies

Distribution area of ​​the gold-bellied emerald hummingbird

So far, three subspecies are known:

  • Chlorostilbon lucidus pucherani ( Bourcier & Mulsant , 1848) - This subspecies occurs in eastern Brazil. The males resemble the nominate form, but they shine less golden on the underside. They are also much smaller.
  • Chlorostilbon lucidus lucidus ( Shaw , 1812) - The nominate form occurs in Bolivia, Paraguay, western central Brazil, and northwest Argentina .
  • Chlorostilbon lucidus berlepschi Pinto , 1938 - This subspecies is found in southern Brazil, Uruguay and northeast Argentina. Males are similar to the nominate form, but slightly smaller with a slightly shorter beak. The females are also a bit smaller. The color is less shiny gold, but they have a green sheen. The lateral tail feathers have white tips.

For a long time, the gold-bellied emerald hummingbird was listed as Chlorostilbon aureoventris ( d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye , 1838). It was not until 2006 that José Fernando Pacheco and Bret Meyers Whitney were able to prove that Shaw's name has priority under the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature .

Etymology and history of research

George Shaw described the gold-bellied emerald hummingbird under the name Trochilus lucidus . He gave Paraguay as the place of discovery. John Gould introduced the new genus Chlorostilbon in 1853 . in which the gold-bellied emerald hummingbird was later classified. "Chlorostilbon" is made up of the Greek words "chlōros χλωρός " for "green" and "stilbōn στίλβων " for "shining". The Greeks gave Mercury the nickname Stilbōn, which is due to the verb "stilb" for "blink". The specific epithet »lucidus« is Latin and means »clear, shiny«, derived from »lux, lucis« for »light«. "Pucherani" is dedicated to Jacques Pucheran . "Berlepschi" honors Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch , who together with Hermann von Ihering described the subspecies under the name Chlorostilbon splendidus egregius .

literature

  • Rolf Grantsau : The hummingbirds of Brazil . A key for all hummingbird shapes in Brazil. Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 85-208-0101-3 .
  • Ber van Perlo : A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7 ( books.google.de ).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • George Shaw: General Zoology, or systematic natural history . With plates from the first authorities and most select specimens, engraved principally by Mrs. Griffith. tape 8 , no. 1 . Thomas Davison, London 1812 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Jules Bourcier, Étienne Mulsant: Description of the quelques nouvelles espèces d'oiseaux-mouches . In: Revue zoologique par la Société cuviérienne . 1848, p. 269-275 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Olivério Mário de Oliveira Pinto: Catalogo das aves do Brasil e lista dos exemplares que as representam no Museu Paulista . In: Revista do Museu Paulista . tape 22 , 1938, pp. 1-566 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • José Fernando Pacheco, Bret Meyers Whitney: Mandatory changes to the scientific names of three Neotropical birds . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 126 , no. 3 , 2006, p. 242-244 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Vítor de Queiroz Piacentini, José Fernando Pacheco: Further comments on the application of the name Trochilus lucidus Shaw, 1812 . In: Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia . tape 22 , no. 2 , 2014, p. 102-106 ( museu-goeldi.br [PDF; 1.5 MB ]).
  • Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny, Frédéric de Lafresnaye: Synopsis avium . In: Magasin de zoologie . tape 8 , Classe II, 1838, pp. 1-34 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Hermann von Ihering: The birds of the area around Taquara do Mundo Novo, Prov. Rio Grande do Sul . In: Journal for the entire ornithology . tape 2 , 1885, p. 97-184 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds . tape 5 , delivery 5. Taylor and Francis, London 1853 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, FRS RH Porter, London 1885 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Gold-bellied Emerald Hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon lucidus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rolf Grantsau, p. 80.
  2. ↑ a b c d Rolf Grantsau, p. 81.
  3. ↑ Glittering-bellied Emerald at oiseaux-birds.com
  4. ↑ a b Ber van Perlo, p. 70.4.
  5. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds.
  6. ↑ Jules Bourcier et al. a., p. 271.
  7. ↑ a b George Shaw, p. 327.
  8. ↑ Olivério Mário de Oliveira Pinto, p. 267.
  9. ↑ Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny u. a., p. 28.
  10. ↑ José Fernando Pacheco et al. a., pp. 242-244.
  11. ↑ Vítor de Queiroz Piacentini u. a., pp. 102-106.
  12. ↑ George Shaw, p. 328.
  13. ^ John Gould, plate 355 plus text
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 103.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 232.
  16. ↑ Jules Bourcier et al. a., p. 272.
  17. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., p. 155.

Remarks

  1. ↑ According to Frederick Herschel Waterhouse p. 47, Plate 355 appeared as part of Delivery 5 from 1853. Here Gould assigned the Chlorostilbon prasinus , a synonym for the blue-tailed emerald hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon mellisugus ( Linnaeus , 1758)) to the genus.