Arduino (platform)

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Arduino

logo
Screenshot of the Arduino IDE version 1.0.1
Screenshot of the Arduino IDE (version 1.6.0)
Basic data

developer Arduino
Current  version 1.8.13
( June 16, 2020 )
operating system Windows , Linux , macOS
programming language C and C ++ and AVR assembler (IDE: Java)
category Free hardware
License LGPL / GPL ( free software )
www.arduino.cc

Arduino is one of software and hardware existing physical computing platform. Both components are open source . The hardware consists of a simple I / O board with a microcontroller and analog and digital inputs and outputs. The development environment is based on processing and is intended to facilitate access to programming and microcontrollers even for those who are less technically experienced. The programming itself takes place in a programming language similar to C or C ++ , whereby technical details such as header files are largely hidden from the user and extensive libraries and examples simplify programming. Arduino can be used to control independent interactive objects or to interact with software applications on computers (e.g. Adobe Flash , Processing, Max / MSP , Pure Data , SuperCollider , various scripting languages , terminal , vvvv etc.). Arduino is also used at art schools, for example, to set up interactive installations.

The Arduino project was recognized as part of the Prix ​​Ars Electronica 2006 in the Digital Communities category.

history

The first board was developed in 2005 by Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles. The name “Arduino” was taken from a bar in Ivrea , where some of the project founders used to meet (the bar itself was named after Arduin von Ivrea , who was also King of Italy from 1002 to 1014 ). David Mellis developed the C / C ++ based diction for it. The circuit diagram was published on the internet and placed under a Creative Commons license . The first edition of the board was 200 pieces, 50 of which went to a school. Around 50,000 boards had been sold by 2008.

Arduino brand litigation

From January 2015 to the end of August 2016, the founding group of the Arduino platform (Arduino LLC) and the producers of the official Arduino boards (Arduino Srl) were in a legal dispute over the ownership of the Arduino trademark. Accordingly, Arduino Srl registered the Arduino brand for Nice Classes 9 and 42, while Arduino LLC registered the brand in the USA only for Nice Class 9. It was now unclear whether these parallel trademark registrations were legitimate or who now owned the Arduino brand.

In March 2015, the Arduino founder Massimo Banzi announced that the manufacturer of the Arduino boards Arduino Srl had not paid any license fees to Arduino LLC for a year, which, however, had previously justified the relatively high prices of the Arduino boards.

At times there were two Arduino websites: arduino.org, which is managed by Arduino Srl, and arduino.cc, which was set up by Arduino LLC. Since the legal dispute, different variants of the Arduino IDE with different version information have been offered on these websites . These were not fully compatible with the other company's hardware. With version 1.8, both variants were combined again. Since then there has been an official version that supports the boards of both companies.

Creation of the Genuino brand

Genuino logo

At an event organized by the US magazine Make in San Mateo, California on May 16, 2015, Massimo Banzi presented a new brand name for the Arduino project: “Genuino”. This new brand name is to be used where the trademark rights of the actual Arduino brand are unclear. He also announced that he would have boards produced by several manufacturers in the future instead of just one as before. Banzi named the company Adafruit Industries as the first official manufacturer. The founder of Adafruit Industries Limor Fried confirmed the collaboration. This makes Arduino LLC independent of the actual manufacturer of the Arduino boards Arduino Srl

In June 2015, Banzi in Shenzhen announced the collaboration with the manufacturer Seeedstudio , which is to produce the microcontroller boards with the newly created “Genuino” brand. The boards manufactured by Seeedstudio are intended to serve the Asian market, especially the Chinese market.

At the Maker Faire Rome in October 2015, Genuino boards from European production were sold for the first time. These were manufactured by Watterott electronic from Germany and AXEL Elettronica from Italy.

The Genuino brand is now to be used for those microcontroller boards sold outside of the United States . Except for the new brand, the boards sold should not differ from the former Arduino boards. Apparently, the legal position surrounding Arduino's trademark rights is only clear in the United States.

At the World Maker Faire 2016 in New York, Arduino Srl and Arduino LLC agreed to settle the disputes, and all products are to be sold solely through a newly established commercial Arduino Holding . In addition, the non-profit Arduino Foundation is to be founded, which as a non-profit organization promotes the further development of the open source software Arduino Desktop IDE. That is why Arduino Srl and Arduino LLC merged into Arduino AG at the end of 2016. However, following fraud allegations against the managing director and main shareholder Federico Musto, BCMI, founded by the founders of the Arduino project, bought it.

hardware

Arduino UNO R3 - version in SMD design with USB interface and ATmega328 microcontroller

The hardware of a typical Arduino board is based on an Atmel AVR microcontroller from the megaAVR series, such as the ATmega328. There are deviations from this, for example, with the Arduino boards Arduino Due ( ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit processor of the Atmel SAM3X8E type), Yún, Tre, Gemma and Zero, where other microcontrollers from Atmel are used. The Arduino boards Yún and Tre, which have a more powerful microprocessor in addition to the microcontroller, are also special. All boards are supplied either via USB (5 V) or an external voltage source (7–12 V) and have a 16 MHz quartz oscillator . There are also variants with 3.3 V supply voltage and variants with a different cycle. Other microcontrollers, such as the ESP8266 , can also be programmed via the Arduino IDE via extensions .

Conceptually, all boards are programmed via a serial interface when reset is activated. The microcontroller is preprogrammed with a bootloader , which means that programming can be carried out directly via the serial interface without an external programming device. With older boards, the RS-232 interface was used for this , and with later versions the conversion from USB to serial takes place via a specially developed USB-to-serial converter based on the ATmega8u2. This was previously implemented with the popular FT232RL component from FTDI . The Arduino Leonardo version uses the ATmega32u4 as processor, which provides USB support natively and can therefore also be used as a keyboard or mouse to a PC.

All Arduino boards, with the exception of the Arduino Esplora, provide digital input and output pins (short: I / O pins) of the microcontroller for use in electronic circuits. It is also common for some of them to be able to output PWM signals. In addition, several analog inputs are available to the user. For the expansion, pre-assembled or partially unassembled boards - so-called "shields" - are offered that can be plugged onto the Arduino board. But it can also z. B. Breadboards can be used to build circuits.

software

Arduino brings its own integrated development environment (IDE) based on Wiring IDE . This is a Java application that is available free of charge for the common platforms Windows, Linux and macOS. It is based on the IDE from Processing , a development environment specialized in graphics, simulation and animation. The Arduino IDE comes with a code editor and integrates gcc as a compiler . In addition, the avr-gcc library and other Arduino libraries ("libraries") are integrated, which greatly simplify programming in C and C ++ .

For a fully functional program it is sufficient to define two functions:

  • setup()- is called once at the start of the program (either after transferring it to the board or after pressing the reset button) to e.g. B. to define pins as input or output.
  • loop() - is continuously run through as long as the Arduino board is switched on.

Here is an example of a program (in Arduino diction : Sketch ) that makes an LED connected to the Arduino board blink:

int ledPin = 13;               // Die LED ist an Pin 13 angeschlossen, was in der Integer-Variable ledPin gespeichert ist.
                               // Bei vielen Boards ist auf der Platine eine LED integriert, welche sich über diesen Pin 13 ansteuern lässt.

void setup() {
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);     // legt den LED-Pin als Ausgang fest
}

void loop() {
  digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);  // LED anschalten
  delay(1000);                 // 1000 Millisekunden warten
  digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);   // LED ausschalten
  delay(1000);                 // weitere 1000 Millisekunden warten
}

With S4A ( Scratch for Arduino) and mblock (based on scratch) there are scratch modifications that provide a free visual programming language with a programming environment for the Arduino microcontroller.

With Arduino Create , Arduino also offers a web-based solution for programming in the browser. Written skits are stored online in a cloud. Communication between the browser and the Arduino board is made possible by plugins for the respective operating system. Arduino boards can be addressed via USB and network connection. The use of Arduino Create requires a free registration with this service. The platform is operated by Amazon Web Services .

gallery

Similar devices

See also

literature

  • Erik Bartmann: Discover the electronic world with Arduino. 3rd, completely revised new edition. Bombini-Verlag, Bonn 2017, ISBN 978-3-946496-00-7
  • Erik Bartmann: Discover the electronic world with Arduino . Measure, control and play with the Arduino, understand electronics easily, learn to program creatively. O'Reilly, Cologne 2011, ISBN 978-3-89721-319-7 (covers Arduino 1.0). No longer available.
  • Thomas Brühlmann: Arduino: practical introduction . mitp, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-8266-9116-4 .
  • Kimmo Karvinen, Tero Karvinen, Ville Valtokari: Sensors - measure and experiment with Arduino and Raspberry Pi . dpunkt, Heidelberg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86490-160-7 .
  • Michael Margolis: Arduino Cookbook . O'Reilly, Cologne 2012, ISBN 978-3-86899-353-0 .
  • Simon Monk: 30 Arduino DIY projects , Franzis, Haar 2012, ISBN 978-3-645-65136-3 .
  • Manuel Odendahl, Julian Finn, Alex Wenger: Arduino - Physical Computing for hobbyists, designers and geeks . O'Reilly, Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-89721-893-2 .
  • Mike Riley: O'Reillys basics: The intelligent house - home automation with Arduino, Android and PC . O'Reilly, Cologne 2012, ISBN 978-3-86899-363-9 .
  • Maik Schmidt: Arduino A quick introduction to microcontroller development . 2nd Edition. dpunkt, Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-86490-126-3 .
  • Danny Schreiter: Arduino Compendium: Electronics, Programming and Projects . BMU Verlag, Landshut 2019, ISBN 978-3-96645-038-6 .
  • Ulli Sommer: Arduino: Microcontroller programming with Arduino, Freeduino . Franzis, Poing 2010, ISBN 978-3-645-65034-2 .
  • Günter Spanner: Arduino: circuit projects for professionals . Elektor, Aachen 2012, ISBN 978-3-89576-257-4 .
  • Harold Timmis: Arduino in practice . Franzis, Haar 2012, ISBN 978-3-645-65132-5 .
  • Dale Wheat: Arduino Internals . Apress, New York NY 2011, ISBN 978-1-4302-3882-9 (English).

Web links

Commons : Arduino  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Release 1.8.13 . June 16, 2020 (accessed June 16, 2020).
  2. ^ Ars Electronica Archive. Retrieved March 27, 2015 .
  3. David Kushner: The Making of Arduino. October 26, 2011, accessed April 29, 2019 .
  4. ^ Clive Thompson: Build It. Share It. Profit. Can Open Source Hardware Work? Wired Magazine, November 16, October 20, 2008
  5. Alexander Merz: name dispute among hobbyists peacefully settled. In: golem.de . Klaß & Ihlenfeld Verlag, October 1, 2015, accessed on December 24, 2016 .
  6. Alexander Merz: Rosenkrieg: Arduino sued Arduino. In: golem.de . Klaß & Ihlenfeld Verlag, February 16, 2015, accessed on April 5, 2015 .
  7. Massimo Banzi: Fighting for Arduino. In: makezine.com. Maker Media, March 19, 2015, accessed January 13, 2017 .
  8. Alexander Merz: Arduino vs. Arduino: Battle for the Arduino IDE. In: golem.de . Klaß & Ihlenfeld Verlag, April 4, 2015, accessed on April 5, 2015 .
  9. Alexander Merz: Arduino IDE: Version 1.8 ends user confusion. In: golem.de . Klaß & Ihlenfeld Verlag, December 24, 2016, accessed on March 11, 2017 .
  10. ^ A b Mike Senese: Arduino Announces New Brand, Genuino, Manufacturing Partnership with Adafruit. In: makezine.com. Maker Media, May 16, 2015, accessed January 13, 2017 .
  11. a b Alexander Merz: Arduino is now also called Genuino. In: golem.de . Klaß & Ihlenfeld Verlag, May 17, 2015, accessed on May 18, 2015 .
  12. ^ Adafruit is manufacturing Arduino for Arduino.cc in New York, New York, USA. Adafruit Industries, May 16, 2015, accessed May 18, 2015 .
  13. Zoe Romano: MANUFACTURING PARTNERSHIP WITH Adafruit ANNOUNCED. Arduino LLC, May 16, 2015, accessed January 13, 2017 .
  14. Zoe Romano: ARDUINO AND SEEEDSTUDIO ANNOUNCE PARTNERSHIP IN SHENZHEN. Arduino LLC, June 20, 2015, accessed June 27, 2015 .
  15. Alexander Merz: Official Arduinos now also from Germany and Italy. In: golem.de . Klaß & Ihlenfeld Verlag, October 18, 2015, accessed on October 31, 2015 .
  16. GenuinoBrand. Arduino LLC, accessed June 27, 2015 .
  17. Alexander Merz: First craft calculator with Genuino logo. In: golem.de . Klaß & Ihlenfeld Verlag, June 21, 2015, accessed on June 27, 2015 .
  18. Alexander Merz: Official Arduinos now also from Germany and Italy. In: golem.de . Klaß & Ihlenfeld Verlag, October 18, 2015, accessed April 10, 2016 .
  19. Arduino Blog - Two Arduinos become one. Retrieved October 4, 2016 .
  20. Helga Hansen: Reconciled: Arduino.org and Arduino.cc are working together again. In: Make: in Heise online . Retrieved October 4, 2016 .
  21. Helga Hansen: Roll back: Arduino is now owned by BCMI. In: Make: in Heise online . Retrieved August 23, 2017 .
  22. S4A - Scratch for Arduino ( Memento of the original from January 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - (scratch roof). Retrieved July 30, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / scratch-dach.info
  23. Peter Eisner: Tried the Arduino web editor. In: heise.de . July 4, 2016, accessed April 11, 2018 .
  24. Jeff Bar: Arduino Web Editor and Cloud Platform - Powered by AWS | Amazon Web Services. May 20, 2016, accessed April 11, 2018 .