Aryanization in Luxembourg

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The linearization in Luxembourg is the process of elimination of the Jews from the economic life in Luxembourg during the German occupation from 1940. In this deprived the Jews employment opportunities and their assets.

Starting position

Josef Ackermann

During the attack by the German Wehrmacht on Luxembourg as part of the western campaign in May 1940, around 1,500 of the 3,700 Jews living in Luxembourg were able to flee from the German troops to France and Belgium . On May 29, 1940, Luxembourg was declared a CdZ area under the head of the civil administration Gustav Simon , Gauleiter in Koblenz-Trier. The district inspector of Koblenz-Trier Josef Ackermann was entrusted by Simon with the management of Department IVa Jewish and emigrant assets due to his activities in the " Aryanization " in Koblenz-Trier . During the occupation, around 1,450 Jews were allowed or had to leave the country by order of the Gestapo by October 1941. or emigrated to France, Spain, Portugal as well as northern France and Belgium . Between April 1942 and July 1943, 264 Jews were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto, and a further 48 people to the Belzec and Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camps .

The Jewish residents were recorded using the Jewish files of the Jewish community ( consistory ), a police register of Jews living in Luxembourg City from August 1940 and the registration registers of the Aliens Police . On September 5, 1940, the Ordinance on Measures in the Field of Jewish Law was passed , which defined and discriminated against Jews. This made Luxembourg the first Western European country to be occupied with a race law .

Elimination from economic life

On September 5, 1940, Jewish civil servants, doctors, dentists, notaries, lawyers and pharmacists were banned from practicing their profession, and according to the ordinance on Jewish assets in Luxembourg, Jewish assets were recorded and placed under provisional administration. On September 7th the Volksdeutsche movement marked Jewish shops for boycott and on October 1st the bicycles of the Jews were confiscated and a security order only allowed payments to Jews via a limited security account.

On February 7, 1941, the assets of the Jews who fled or emigrated were confiscated. On April 18, 1941, the property of the Jews remaining in the country was confiscated, and on July 6, 1941, those of deceased Jews were also recorded. An overview of the Jewish and emigrant property department at the CdZ from June 25, 1941 gives an overview of the Aryanization of 338 Jewish companies:

Aryanization of Jewish companies (as of June 25, 1941)
business aryanized liquidated in Aryanization to aryanize In liquidation total
Craftsman 10 1 1 - 52 64
retail trade
- textile 8th 4th 1 16 37 66
- shoe + leather 2 - 2 5 13 22nd
- Others 4th 4th 1 8th 49 66
Wholesale
- textile 2 - - 3 15th 20th
- Others 2 - 4th - 13 19th
property - - - - 6th 6th
Banks + credit - - - - 2 2
Industry + factories 3 - 4th 7th - 14th
Small businesses
- cattle dealer - - - - 43 43
- Krammarkt - - - - 5 5
- Representative - - - - 11 11
total 31 9 13 39 246 338

Imperial German industrialists took over the Ideal leather factory in Wiltz and the Reinhard glove factory in Luxembourg. The Jews who were able to work, deprived of their livelihood, had to do forced labor from September 4, 1941 .

A circular of August 14, 1942 stipulated that preference should be given to those who were injured by airplanes , resettlers and expelled Germans from abroad when it came to the utilization of home furnishings from Jewish assets .

The Reich Finance Minister von Krosigk initially insisted that the proceeds from the confiscated Jewish assets be allocated to the Reich Treasury. After a clarifying meeting with Simon, the expected proceeds of 20 million Reichsmarks were added to the CdZ budget and the Reich Ministry of Finance received 4.5 million from Luxembourg from an interest-bearing loan to finance the war.

The confiscated Jewish real estate was partly paid for and partly free of charge as endowment or donation into the possession of NSDAP organizations, public corporations, municipalities and the private sector. Preliminary surveys show the following transfers from developed and undeveloped parcels:

The City of Luxembourg alone took possession of 99 of 340 Jewish properties on its territory.

Treatment of assets during deportation

The deportation of Jews from Luxembourg took place from October 16, 1941 to June 17, 1943. The deportation orders (state police orders) were issued by Fritz Hartmann , head of the task force of the security police and the security service in Luxembourg . Department IVa for Jewish and emigrant property in the civil administration received copies of the deportation lists in order to be able to confiscate and dispose of the property better. The keys to the apartment had to be handed over to the security police, and the Jews had to de-register properly at the police registration office and the food office. The customs clearance at the train station carried out body searches so that no securities , foreign exchange , savings bank books , precious metals and pieces of jewelry, with the exception of wedding rings, could be exported.

literature

  • Change Hohengarten: The National Socialist Jewish Policy in Luxembourg. on behalf of the Memorial de la Déportation in Luxemburg-Hollerich. 2nd, change Edition. Luxembourg 2004.
  • Hans-Erich Volkmann: Luxembourg under the sign of the swastika: a political economic history 1933 to 1944 . Schöningh, Paderborn 2010, ISBN 978-3-506-77067-7 , pp. 221-241.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 44 ff.
  2. ↑ Katja Happe u. a. (Ed.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945 (collection of sources) Volume 12: Western and Northern Europe, June 1942–1945. Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-486-71843-0 , pp. 59–60.
  3. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 30 ff.
  4. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 35.
  5. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 38. / Document VEJ 5/200 in: Katja Happe, Michael Mayer , Maja Peers (edit.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933-1945 (source collection). Volume 5: Western and Northern Europe 1940-June 1942. Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-58682-4 , pp. 530-533.
  6. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 37.
  7. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 39.
  8. ↑ Katja Happe, Michael Mayer, Maja Peers (edit.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933-1945 (collection of sources) Volume 5: Western and Northern Europe 1940-June 1942. Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3 -486-58682-4 , p. 57.
  9. ↑ Hans-Erich Volkmann: Luxembourg under the sign of the swastika: a political economic history 1933 to 1944 . P. 230.
  10. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 40.
  11. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 41.
  12. ↑ Hans-Erich Volkmann: Luxembourg under the sign of the swastika: a political economic history 1933 to 1944 . P. 239
  13. ↑ Hans-Erich Volkmann: Luxembourg under the sign of the swastika: a political economic history 1933 to 1944 . P. 240 f.
  14. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 81.
  15. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 82.
  16. ↑ Änder High Garden: The National Socialist Jewish policy in Luxembourg. 2004, p. 83.