Adler & Oppenheimer

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Trademark of Adler & Oppenheimer AG

Adler & Oppenheimer was at times the largest group in the European leather industry . The Adler & Oppenheimer Aktiengesellschaft was the commercial center of the group. Colloquially, the corporation and the stock corporation were known as A&O . The company was founded in Strasbourg in 1872 and was a public limited company from 1900 . The company's headquarters were relocated to Berlin in 1920 . The AG had large operations in Neustadt-Glewe and Neumünster . Other important corporate branches were in Oisterwijk (Netherlands), Wiltz (Luxembourg) and Littleborough near Manchester . The majority of the group held the German-Jewish owner families Adler and Oppenheimer. Legal core of the A & O group was from 1919-20 largely as a holding company acting NV Amsterdamsche leather Maatschappij (Almi). The renaming of Adler & Oppenheimer AG to Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG in 1940/41 was related to the aryanization of the company.

The post-war history of the largely restituted Western European factories was characterized by an increasingly existential crisis in the leather industry from around 1960, which led to the closure of the factories. In the successor company in Neustadt-Glewe alone, the VEB Lederwerk August Apfelbaum , significant quantities of leather were produced up to the "turnaround".

Founding and development years (1872-1919)

Isaak Adler was born in Obergimpern (Baden) in 1837 . His brother-in-law Ferdinand Oppenheimer came from Kleinhausen (Bergstrasse) . In 1871 the families of the two men moved to Strasbourg in Alsace, which became part of the German Empire after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 . There they founded the Adler & Oppenheimer OHG leather wholesaler on May 6, 1872 . On June 10 of the same year they set up a leather factory in the Montagne-Vertedie district of Strasbourg . The company had great economic success with the introduction of chrome tanning . In 1889, the founder's two children, Friedrich Léon Adler and Julius Oppenheimer, built a new tannery in Lingolsheim , a few kilometers away .

The Adler and Oppenheimer families soon belonged to the leading industrial families in Alsace-Lorraine . The importance of families manifested itself, for example, in the election of the company's founder Isaak Adler in 1885 as the first German Jew to join the Strasbourg city council.

1900 the company was Aktiengesellschaft Adler & Oppenheimer A.-G., Strassburg. Els. Converted. A total of four sons of the founders, Otto and Carl Adler (1872–1957) and Clemens and Julius Oppenheimer (1874–1939), formed the board of the stock corporation. Louis Hartog, the founder and co-owner of Gocher Lederwerke, was appointed to chair the supervisory board. Above all, shoe leather and other high-quality leather goods with an international reputation were produced.

After the company was founded, sufficient capital was available to set up or buy additional facilities. The first new factory (“Lederwerke Neustadt in Mecklenburg”) was to be built in Neustadt-Glewe in Mecklenburg and produce cowhide . Construction began in autumn 1910, and the first tanning with oak tan was carried out in summer 1911 . The operation was majority, but not entirely owned by Adler & Oppenheimer.

Profit development of Adler & Oppenheimer AG from 1911/12 to 1921/22 in Marks (source: annual reports)

In the 1912/13 financial year, the company founded the Adler & Oppenheimer Wohlfahrtsgesellschaft mbH (share capital: 30,000 marks ), which ran A & O's Lingolsheimer social institutions. The Lingolsheimer plant comprised a works casino, a bathing establishment and a shop. There was a library and classrooms for the workers and their families. As early as 1906, the company had donated 10,000 marks to the city of Lingolsheim for school purposes and canceled further annual payments.

Adler & Oppenheimer did good business as a leather supplier in the First World War . Sales doubled from 24 million marks in the 1911/12 financial year to just under 50 million in 1914/15 and then only fell slightly. Profits rose disproportionately in the first three years of the war (see graphic). In 1916, Adler & Oppenheimer AG was targeted by the German tax authorities who sought to skim off "war profits". The company signed shares in the third war loan for 8 million marks . At the end of the war in 1918/19, 2000 to 2500 workers were employed in the main Alsace plant.

Before the end of the First World War, Adler & Oppenheimer were able to acquire the majority of shares in the Emil Köster AG leather factory in Neumünster . Thanks to the good railway connection to the port of Hamburg , via which both raw hides and tannins were imported in large quantities, as well as the lack of restrictive water legislation in Schleswig-Holstein until 1913, an important leather industry had developed in Neumünster.

After the end of the First World War, the first coercive measures were taken at the end of 1918 at the expense of the Lingolsheim part of the company as part of the reintegration of Alsace into the French Republic. On January 2, 1919, the entire Alsatian property of Adler & Oppenheimer was confiscated by the French military administration. In the following months there were efforts to expel the founding families to Germany. A first attempt at deportation failed due to resistance from French MPs from the Bas-Rhin department and the Strasbourg city government. Nevertheless, the families had to leave France on March 17, 1920. The factory in Lingolsheim was then the largest leather factory in Europe and was sold to a group of French investors by the French judicial administration. The factory was called Tanneries de France from 1920 and had problems in the following years due to limited access to the German market.

Despite the expulsion, the Strasbourg families remained connected. Many of the family members who died before World War II were buried in the Koenigshoffen Jewish cemetery . Ann L. Oppenheimer (1912–2008), daughter of Julius Oppenheimer, donated a total of eleven paintings of great value to the museums of Strasbourg in 1961 and 2004.

New beginning outside of Strasbourg (1920–1930)

The former factory premises in Neumünster (view from Wrangelstrasse)

On March 31, 1920, an extraordinary general meeting of Adler & Oppenheimer AG relocated the company's headquarters to Berlin. In accordance with the agreements of the Versailles Peace Treaty, the company received compensation of 48 million marks from the German government for the expropriation of the Lingolsheim plant. This compensation should flow into the rebuilding of production. With the funds, the shares in the leather factory Emil Köster AG in Neumünster and in the Lederwerke Neustadt GmbH were completely taken over and the operations were expanded considerably. Sales branches were established in Frankfurt am Main, Cologne and Pirmasens. Leather factories in the Netherlands and Luxembourg were also bought (see below).

The integration with the Dutch leather industry went beyond the purchase of a leather factory. The owner families transferred their company shares to A&O from the Dutch "NV Amsterdamsche Leder Maatschappij" (Almi) , which had been founded to import hides.

A comparatively large number of women were employed in the Neumünster leather industry

In 1920 the share capital was initially increased by 12 million marks to 60 million marks and in 1921 supplemented by a further 40 million marks of preferred capital . According to the board of directors, this should prevent the company from being “infiltrated”. In 1923 Adler & Oppenheimer acquired the majority in the Aktiengesellschaft für Lederfabrikation München, which was closed in 1930/31 due to unprofitability.

A&O was involved in the collective bargaining disputes of 1923/24 through the employers' association of the North German Tannery Association . The German Leather Workers' Association refused to extend working hours to 49 hours / week. In Neustadt, 50 of the previously striking workers were dismissed after the agreement was reached; Among them was the KPD functionary and shop steward August Apfelbaum. In continuation of the other social commitment, the company sponsored the construction of company apartments in Neustadt in 1924.

After the economic upheavals of hyperinflation , the share capital was reduced to 15 million gold marks , the preferred capital to 0.12 million gold marks. The consolidation of the Lederwerke Neustadt took place in 1925; the rebuilding of production was thus completed. There was a major fire in the Neumünster plant in 1926.

Great Depression and National Socialist Coercion (1930–1945)

Economic development

In line with the general economic situation in Germany, the economic results worsened during the Great Depression in order to recover in the first half of the 1930s. The plant in Neustadt-Glewe alone employed 2000 people in the mid-1930s. After further changes, the share capital of Adler & Oppenheimer in 1937 was 18 million Reichsmarks . From 1936 sales fell again, especially the important foreign sales. At the end of the 1930s the company produced vache and sole leather, smooth leather, chrome upper leather and fine leather.

National Socialist repression against employees

In 1934, 14 Mecklenburg Communists were brought to trial in Bützow for “ high treason ” . Among them was August Apfelbaum, who was sentenced to eighteen months in prison and finally released by Adler & Oppenheimer. In 1935 the first anti-Jewish riots broke out against the administration building in the Neustadt plant.

From the mid-1930s, anti-Jewish repression intensified in Holstein as well . At the end of 1937, senior members of the Neumünster factory relocated to Wiltz , the location of a Luxembourg branch of the company, IDEAL Lederwerke. Paul Oppenheimer (born February 9, 1887 in Strasbourg), another son of the company's founder Ferdinand Oppenheimer, was operations manager at the Neumünster plant in the 1930s. He also built a tannery in Littleborough, England, near Manchester in 1936/1937 . Through the plant, he was able to enable Jewish employees to flee to England. About 100 people came to Littleborough, including family members. In 1946 Paul Oppenheimer himself lived in Littleborough. His brother Clemens Oppenheimer and his family moved to Ascona in neutral Switzerland, where the family lived until after the war. Already from Ascona, Clemens Oppenheimer conducted the negotiations on the "Aryanization" of the company (see next section). Clemens Oppenheimer's two daughters, Anne and Hedwig Oppenheimer, also left Germany.

Site of the GDR successor company of Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG in Neustadt-Glewe (2007)

"Aryanization"

During the Nazi era, Adler & Oppenheimer was the subject of a complicated “ Aryanization process” that Hermann Josef Abs worked on for Deutsche Bank . It was the largest Aryanization of the Deutsche Bank AG concerning an industrial company. Relations with Deutsche Bank AG had existed since at least 1916, when Adler & Oppenheimer offered the bank a seat on the company's supervisory board. Abs then became a member of the supervisory board in 1938. In July 1940, on the instructions of the Reich Minister of Economics, the company applied to Abs to change its name to Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG. Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG was listed in Berlin and Frankfurt.

The actual "Aryanization" consisted in the takeover of a 75% stake in the shares by a consortium led by Deutsche Bank AG. The takeover was difficult for a variety of reasons. Various NSDAP and government agencies wanted to prevent further oligopolization of the leather industry. This made reselling the shares difficult. Since the majority of Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG belonged to a Dutch company (Almi) and the owner families already lived outside Germany, there was only comparatively little leverage in 1938/39. After the occupation of the Netherlands , direct pressure could be exerted on Almi, but Almi had pledged a large part of the A&O shares to the USA. Some members of the owner families also lived in France. After the armistice with France, their shares could no longer simply be confiscated as " enemy property ". In the end, Deutsche Bank made a profit of just under 2.75 million Reichsmarks just by reselling part of the shares transferred to it.

The "Aryanization" of Adler & Oppenheimer was the subject of US investigations after the end of the Second World War ( OMGUS report). The events were picked up not only in historical studies but also by popular media. The focus of the considerations is the role of Deutsche Bank AG during the Nazi era and the personal responsibility of Hermann Josef Abs for the displacement of the Jewish owner families. The East Berlin historian Eberhard Czichon raised serious allegations against Abs in 1970 in this context. However, he was unable to substantiate these allegations in court. The court assessed all allegations as inaccurate and sentenced Czichon to cease and desist and to pay compensation for pain and suffering. According to the British historian Harold James , Deutsche Bank has been involved in cases such as that of Adler & Oppenheimer mainly because of the complex international economic ties; Abs' personal contacts also played a central role in the “Germanization” of A&O. In the end, the transaction could only be carried out within the framework of the “brutal German occupation policy of the Netherlands”. In cooperation with official German authorities, the bank took part in blackmail in order to exchange the security of three family members who were still under Nazi Germany's control for consent to the transfer of ownership. James sums up with regard to A&O and a number of other cases he has examined:

“Abs fully used an unusually wide range of contacts - from foreign multinationals (such as Unilever), the Vatican, through German business leaders, to the thugs who ran the takeovers and expropriations in Austria and in Czechoslovakia, the SS and the Gestapo. While being helpful to some of the great German-Jewish dynasties, the Mendelssohns, the Hirschlands, the Oppenheimers, the Adlers, or the German-Czech Petscheks, he made money for his bank and extended his contacts and interests […]. "

“Abs made use of an unusually wide range of contacts - from foreign corporations such as Unilever, the Vatican, to German business leaders, to the criminals who led the takeovers and expropriations in Austria and Czechoslovakia, to the SS and Gestapo. While he was helping some of the great German-Jewish dynasties - the Mendelssohns, the Hirschlands, the Oppenheimers and the Adlers - or the German-Czech Petscheks , he was also making money for his bank and expanding his contacts and interests [...]. "

- Harold James : The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic. Was against the Jews. Pp. 215-216.

North German leather works in World War II

The grounds of the Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG in Neumünster housed an urban residential or communal camp for forced laborers . The company was one of the most important employers of “ foreign workers ” in the city. The factory in Wrangelstrasse suffered considerable war damage.

In the Mecklenburg plant, due to the reduced leather production, operating areas were used for the manufacture of aircraft engines. The plant survived the war without being destroyed.

Post-war history since 1945

Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG share from August 1960

The headquarters of the management were relocated to Neustadt-Glewe in 1945, to Hamburg in 1949 and to Neumünster in 1961.

Restitution of the Jewish owner families

From 1947 onwards, Almi demanded that Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG be returned to the original owners on the basis of US Law 59. After Deutsche Bank AG had initially rejected these claims, the bank later sought an out-of-court settlement. The agreement was reached with Relda Trading Co. Ltd. (New York), which represented the interests of the Adler and Oppenheimer families. As a result, the former owner families were again given a majority stake in the company via Relda and Almi. In addition, Deutsche Bank paid a total of 1.75 million German marks to the two companies. Hermann Josef Abs remained chairman of the supervisory board.

Neumünster plant

In May 1962 the workers of the four large Neumünster companies in the leather manufacturing industry began strikes for the introduction of the 40-hour week. After the successful strike, the 40-hour week began to establish itself from Neumünster in the entire industry.

In the 1960s, leather production in the Neumünster plant ran into economic difficulties. In addition, there was a general economic crisis in Germany in 1966 . On May 16, 1966, the liquidation of Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG was decided and production stopped. The corporation was deleted in 1968. The buildings on Wrangelstrasse now house disaster control units and are used as storage space, as a furniture store and as a discotheque . Today the work is on the list of cultural monuments in Neumünster .

VEB Lederwerk "August Apfelbaum" in Neustadt-Glewe

Worker in an East German leather factory

The plant in Neustadt-Glewe was affected by Soviet dismantling in 1945/46. In June 1946, the Soviet Military Administration (SMAD) released the company into the hands of the German administration. In 1948 the plant was initially owned by the State of Mecklenburg, but was then converted into a state- owned company (VEB). From 1951 the company was called VEB Lederwerk "August Apfelbaum" . The name was given to the A & O trade unionist and communist August Apfelbaum, who moved to Lüneburg in 1935 after his dismissal from A & O. Apfelbaum had been interned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp since September 7, 1939 . He died in an Allied air raid in 1945.

During the GDR era, VEB had up to 1700 employees and was the largest leather manufacturing company in the GDR. Pigskin (since 1949) and artificial leather (since 1974) were mainly produced. The cowhide production was stopped in 1972. At the end of the 1970s, VEB was the largest producer of pigskin in Europe. In the 1980s, the company also manufactured medical products and clothing. The company has received a number of important awards from the GDR (including the Karl Marx Order , company with excellent quality work ). The VEB was integrated as a company in the VEB Kombinat Kunstleder und Pelzverarbeitung , Leipzig.

After 1990 the company operated as NG Leder GmbH and Nordleder GmbH . Leather production was stopped in 2007. With 25 employees today (2010) construction parts made of rubber and plastic are manufactured in an industrial park located on the premises.

International group operations and other corporate investments

Plant in Wiltz / Luxembourg (Tannerie Idéal)

New construction of a factory for floor coverings in Wiltz on the IDEAL Lederwerke site, old building on the right center

The engineer Fritz Rexroth and the banker Ludwig Kiessel from Saarbrücken founded an Ideal leather factory in Wiltz , Luxembourg in 1891 . At the turn of 1911/12 the factory was incorporated into the Société Anonyme Tannerie de Cuir Idéal . The founders held a good 95% of the share capital of 525,000 Luxembourg francs. A business focus was on drive belts for industry. A new process for rapid tanning by means of water pressure was used. In 1914 the company had 50 employees and a share capital of 2 million francs.

After receiving compensation for the forced sale of the Lingolsheim plant, Friedrich Léon Adler and Julius Oppenheimer bought the company on May 18, 1920. After an interim capital increase of 4 million francs, a further increase to 12 million francs followed in 1922. These new shares were subscribed to by the Dutch Almi , which served the Adler and Oppenheimer families as the holding company of the A&O group. Big fires broke out in 1924 and 1926. For belt production this year is the production of boxcalf added and other fine leather. The company, operating in French as IDÉAL Tannerie de Wiltz SA , had 777 employees in 1935.

In 1940 the company was placed under compulsory administration by the Germans and sold to Theodor Roth from Wiesbaden in 1942 . 15% of the capital of the new company ( IDEAL Lederwerke AG, Wilz ) went to Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG. Between 1940 and 1944, parts of the plant were used by the Zimmermann machine factory. On August 31, 1942, the workers resisted conscription to the German armed forces with strikes. These work stoppages gave the signal for a wave of strikes across Luxembourg that was internationally recognized at the time, but brutally suppressed by the German occupation forces. There is now a memorial plaque in the entrance area of ​​the plant and a memorial in Wiltz .

After the Second World War , the company's name was changed to Tannerie de cuir IDEAL (Wiltz) . With Friederich Léon Adler, another member of the founding families moved to the company's board of directors (capital from 1946: 30 million Luxembourg francs). In 1948 1200 people were employed.

The structural change in the leather industry hit the factory early on. It stopped production on January 7, 1961. In 1963, the Eurofloor company started producing floor coverings on the site. After several mergers and changes of ownership, the plant has been owned by the IVC Group since 2006.

Factory in Oisterwijk / Netherlands (Koninklijke Lederfabriek)

In 1916, CJ van der Aa and the Rotterdam merchant Jan Adolf Vermetten founded a leather factory in Oisterwijk (Netherlands). In 1920 this leather factory was taken over by the Almi Holding of the Adler and Oppenheimer families. The factory there specialized in the production of calfskin.

In mid-August 1928, Almi reorganized her administration. 40 employees were transferred from Amsterdam, the Almi's headquarters, to Oisterwijk. Company apartments were built for the newcomers in the street, which is still called “Almistraat” today. At the beginning of 1930 the leisure club "Almy-Nevelo vereniging" was founded. The former telegram address "NEVELO" of the factory in Oisterwijk still gives a football club in Oisterwijk the name that goes back to the factory club at the time.

In 1932 the factory was awarded the title of “Royal” leather factory (Koninklijke Lederfabriek te Oisterwijk) . Erich Rudolph Adler (born November 22, 1905 in Strasbourg as the son of Carl Adler) and doctor of chemistry by profession (studied in Frankfurt / Main) worked as commercial director of the plant from 1929. He took Dutch citizenship in 1935 . Hans Ludwig Adler (born May 27, 1903 in Strasbourg), a nephew of Erich Rudolph Adler, was the plant's technical director from 1934. It is known that Erich Rudolph Adler fled to America with his wife and family in August 1940. During the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II, the company came under external management.

After the war, Erich Rudolph Adler took over the position of the company's supervisory board for several years. The factory was then sold to Hagemeyer NV in 1966 and, after another takeover in 1974, was renamed Verenigde Koninklijke Lederfabriek te Oisterwijk NV The company existed until 1996.

Plant in Littleborough / England (Lancashire Tanning)

In Littleborough, Greater Manchester , Paul Oppenheimer bought an empty factory building in 1936 in order to open a chrome tannery for shoe uppers in 1937. Up to 500 local workers and a large number of Jewish employees of Adler & Oppenheimer AG who had fled Germany worked there in the 1940s. The plant was owned by Lancashire Tanning Co., Ltd. In addition to the Adler and Oppenheimer families and group companies belonging to A & O, the long-standing English sales partners of A & O were involved. A number of Jewish employees and family members of the owner families managed to emigrate not only to England, but also to Argentina and the USA via the plant in Littleborough. The company benefited from an excellent market position in the field of chrome-tanned shoe uppers in England and could soon secure important government contracts. It is estimated that about two-thirds of English wartime production of uppers for soldiers' boots came from Littleborough.

The Lancashire Tannery (trademark: Lanctan Calf ) was later taken over by a US company and ceased operations in the 1970s.

Further company investments

At the end of the 1930s, the Adler and Oppenheimer families owned a third of the share capital of Roth-Händle A.-G., a cigarette manufacturer from Lahr . Julius Oppenheimer was a member of the supervisory board.

Web links

Commons : Adler & Oppenheimer  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Theure memories of our unforgettable Mr. Isaac Adler, leather manufacturer member of the Consistory for Lower Alsace, born on October 15, 1837 in Obergimpern (Baden), died on March 29, 1898 in Strasbourg i. E. in his 62nd year. HL Kayser, Strasbourg 1898.
  2. ↑ Jean Daltroff: Les Adler et Oppenheimer et leur entreprise de tannerie à Strasbourg et à Lingolsheim. [1]
  3. ^ Siegmund Kaznelson: Jews in the German cultural area. A compilation. Jüdischer Verlag, 1962, p. 796.
  4. ^ Vicki Caron: Between France and Germany. The Jews of Alsace-Lorraine, 1871-1918 . Stanford University Press, Stanford 1988, ISBN 0-8047-1443-6 , pp. 109 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed April 18, 2016]).
  5. ↑ http://wp.ge-mittelkreis.de/webfrie05/webinsch/jupage/fhartog.htm
  6. ^ Annual Report 1911/12 , P20 Norddeutsche Lederwerke, Aktiengesellschaft (Hamburg)
  7. ↑ a b c d sammleraktie.de
  8. ↑ a b c biography entry “Adler, Erich Rudolph” at www.advandenoord.nl, accessed on April 12, 2011.
  9. ↑ a b c The legacy of Mrs. Ann L. Oppenheimer - the legacy. Musees-strasbourg.org, archived from the original on June 12, 2015 ; accessed on September 14, 2019 (original website no longer available).
  10. ↑ a b c d Information on historical shares from 1941: Norddeutsche Lederwerke AG - Sectors - Benecke & Rehse
  11. ^ Ingeborg Blank (Red.), Werner Bahlke: 75 years of the Neustadt-Glewe leather factory. (Anniversary publication) History commission of the works party organization of VEB Lederwerk "August Apfelbaum", Neustadt-Glewe 1986, p. 4. (DfG 101/35/86 2500 (2091) II-16-8)
  12. ^ City chronicle of Neustadt-Glewe
  13. ↑ a b c d Report of the Board of Directors on the 20th, 21st and 22nd financial year (July 1, 1918 to June 30, 1921), available under P20 Norddeutsche Lederwerke, Aktiengesellschaft (Hamburg): Annual Report 00009, p. 3.
  14. ^ Annual Report 1912/13 , P20 Norddeutsche Lederwerke, Aktiengesellschaft (Hamburg)
  15. ^ Lingolsheim (Dep. Bas-Rhin / Alsace / Unterelsass): Jüdische Geschichte / Synagogue / Synagoge. [alemannia-judaica.de http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/lingolsheim_synagogue.htm#Berichte%20zu%20einzelnen%20Personen%20aus%20der%20Gemeinde ], accessed on August 3, 2015
  16. ^ Lothar Gall et al.: The Deutsche Bank 1870-1995. CH Beck, Munich 1995, p. 157.
  17. ^ Association of German Chemists. The great war. In: Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie from September 21, 1915, p. 532. (Economic section and association news)
  18. ↑ From trade and industry in Germany. Different industries. In: Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie from December 24, 1915, p. 708. (Economic section and association news)
  19. ↑ Klaus Schottau: The history of the leather industry in Neumünster. A contribution to the industrialization of Schleswig-Holstein. (= Publications of the Förderverein Textil- und Industriemuseum , Issue 11.) 1991, p. 24.
  20. ↑ Journal of Industrial and Chemical Engineering , year 1921, p. 99. ( doi: 10.1021 / ie50133a039 )
  21. ^ Henry Lauffenburger: The global economic position of Alsace. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1932, pp. 233–249. ( available online only for subscribers)
  22. ↑ Michaela Preiner: Strasbourg Museum receives a generous donation . Published on October 2nd, 2009 by european-cultural-news.com
  23. ^ A b Official letter from the management dated July 1940
  24. ↑ a b Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the "Aryanization". CH Beck, 2001, p. 91.
  25. ↑ Annual report for the 23rd business year 1921/22
  26. ^ Annual report for the 24th business year 1922/23
  27. ^ Annual report for the 32nd financial year 1930/31
  28. ↑ 75 years of the Neustadt-Glewe leather works: Anniversary publication (1986) History Commission of the VEB Lederwerk's factory party organization “August Apfelbaum” Neustadt-Glewe, text: Werner Bahlke; Editor: Ingeborg Blank. Druckerei Schweriner Volkszeitung (DfG 101/35/86 2500 (2091) II-16-8), p. 11.
  29. ↑ daten.verwaltungsportal.de
  30. ^ Annual report for the 25th business year 1924/25
  31. ↑ Chronicle. Neumünster fire department, accessed on September 14, 2019 .
  32. ↑ 75 years of the Neustadt-Glewe leather works: Anniversary publication (1986) History Commission of the VEB Lederwerk's factory party organization “August Apfelbaum” Neustadt-Glewe, text: Werner Bahlke; Editor: Ingeborg Blank. Druckerei Schweriner Volkszeitung (DfG 101/35/86 2500 (2091) II-16-8), pp. 13-15.
  33. ^ Federal Archives / Institute for Contemporary History: The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008, p. 457.
  34. ↑ Friedrich Gliess: Jewish Life in Segeberg from the 18th to 20th century: collected essays from two decades with over 100 photos and documents. Books on Demand, Norderstedt, 2002, p. 163.
  35. ^ Rochdale Observer, March 11, 1936 , accessed April 23, 2015.
  36. ↑ a b What tanning works like Schindler's ark? Rochdale Observer, October 23, 2002, accessed April 14, 2011 .
  37. ↑ a b Hedwig Lehmann, b. Oppenheimer (obituary notice). (PDF; 466 kB) In: Structure. August 9, 1946, p. 35 , archived from the original on June 12, 2015 ; accessed on September 14, 2019 (original website no longer available).
  38. ↑ a b Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the "Aryanization". CH Beck, 2001, p. 90ff.
  39. ↑ Christopher Kopper : Bankers under the swastika. DTV, 2008, ISBN 978-3-423-34465-4 .
  40. ^ Lothar Gall et al.: The Deutsche Bank 1870-1995. CH Beck, 1995, p. 157.
  41. ↑ Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi economic war against the Jews. P. 93.
  42. ^ Lothar Gall et al.: The Deutsche Bank 1870-1995. CH Beck, 1995, p. 378.
  43. ↑ a b c Deutsche Bank wants to rob. Der Spiegel 36/1985, pp. 68-72 , accessed on April 22, 2015 .
  44. ↑ OMGUS: Investigation against Deutsche Bank. Published by Hans Magnus Enzensberger . Greno Verlagsgesellschaft, Nördlingen; 544 pages
  45. ↑ Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the "Aryanization". CH Beck, 2001, p. 130, footnote 187.
  46. ↑ Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the "Aryanization". CH Beck, 2001, p. 98.
  47. ↑ List of forced labor camps in Neumünster
  48. ↑ Horst Peters: "Location Neumünster". In: Gerhard Hoch, Rolf Schwarz (ed.): Deported to slave labor. Prisoners of war and forced laborers in Schleswig-Holstein. Alveslohe / Nützen 1985, pp. 115-130.
  49. ^ Sebastian Lehmann: "Advertisement was made." The log book of the Neumünster police force, foreigners surveillance department 1944/45. Democratic History 14, pp. 207-256. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
  50. ↑ Irmtraut Engling, Herbert Engling: The Neumünster book: a city history in words and pictures. Karl Wachholtz Verlag, 1985, p. 210.
  51. ↑ 75 years of the Neustadt-Glewe leather works: Anniversary publication (1986) History Commission of the VEB Lederwerk's factory party organization “August Apfelbaum” Neustadt-Glewe, text: Werner Bahlke; Editor: Ingeborg Blank. Druckerei Schweriner Volkszeitung (DfG 101/35/86 2500 (2091) II-16-8), p. 29.
  52. ↑ Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi economic war against the Jews. P. 230.
  53. ↑ a b Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the "Aryanization". CH Beck, Munich 2001, p. 98 f.
  54. ↑ Key words on the history of the LEDER trade union 1872–1997 ( memento of November 24, 2005 in the Internet Archive ), compiled by Birgit Hormann, IG BCE (Documentation & Archive), accessed on April 7, 2011.
  55. ^ Ingeborg Blank (Red.), Werner Bahlke: 75 years of the Neustadt-Glewe leather factory. (Anniversary publication) History commission of the works party organization of VEB Lederwerk "August Apfelbaum", Neustadt-Glewe 1986, p. 15. (DfG 101/35/86 2500 (2091) II-16-8)
  56. ^ Ingeborg Blank (ed.), Werner Bahlke: 75 years of Lederwerk Neustadt-Glewe (anniversary publication). Neustadt-Glewe 1986, pp. 3, 29-31, 44.
  57. ↑ The dream of jobs. The Lederwerk business park in Neustadt-Glewe is inaugurated. First prospects. In: Schweriner Volkszeitung from December 15, 2007.
  58. ↑ a b c d e f Luxembourg website on the history of the Ideal Lederwerke Wiltz plant
  59. ↑ Klaus-Dietmar Ziegler, Dieter Bahr, Johannes Wixforth, Harald Henke (eds.): The Dresdner Bank in the Third Reich. Volume 3, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-486-57782-4 , p. 238ff.
  60. ^ Share from 1942
  61. ^ Word on the general strike in August 1942. (PDF; 366 kB) Luxemburg Online, September 2, 2002, archived from the original ; accessed on September 14, 2019 (original website no longer available).
  62. ^ ICV homepage , accessed on February 13, 2012.
  63. ↑ a b Biography entry at www.advandenoord.nl (information from Jeroen Verhoog en Hans Warmerdam, Koninklijke Verenigde Leder BV 1916–1991 (Noordwijk 1991)), accessed on February 14, 2013.
  64. ↑ a b c Information from Oisterwijk photographer Betsie van der Kruijs
  65. ↑ a b c History of the sport association "NEVELO": Geschiedenis - sv Nevelo , accessed August 25, 2011.
  66. ↑ Presentation of the fate of the leather factory with pictures and text on the homepage of the newspaper Cultureel Brabant. With the title Vergane Glorie - De lederfabrieken in Oisterwijk
  67. ↑ EC Pippard, ED Acheson, PD Winter: Mortality of Tanners. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 42 (4): 285-287. ( JSTOR 27723945 )
  68. ↑ aerial photo. (JPG; 168 kB) littleboroughshistory.org, archived from the original on June 10, 2015 ; accessed on September 14, 2019 (original website no longer available). An aerial photo of the work can be found on the website of the Litteborough Archeological and Historical Society (www.littleboroughshistory.org)
  69. ↑ Bill Williams: Jews and Other Foreigners. Manchester and the Rescue of the Victims of European Fascism, 1933-40 . Manchester University Press, 2011, ISBN 0-7190-8549-7 .
  70. ↑ Harold James: The Deutsche Bank and the "Aryanization". CH Beck, 2001, p. 120.
  71. ↑ Susanne Heim (Ed.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945. Volume 2 (German Reich 1938 - August 1939), Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-58523-0 , p. 256.