Association Agreement between the EEC and Turkey

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The authorized signatories of the Association Agreement included the German Foreign Minister Gerhard Schröder (right) and the Turkish Foreign Minister Feridun Cemal Erkin (left), here at a reception on Bonn's Venusberg on January 20, 1964

The Association Agreement between the EEC and Turkey of September 12, 1963, also known as the Ankara Agreement ( Ankara Antlaşması in Turkish ), is an association agreement concluded between Turkey and the European Economic Community (EEC) . This international treaty was signed in Ankara on September 12, 1963 , entered into force on December 1, 1964 and was supplemented by protocols and resolutions in subsequent years. The direct rights resulting from the agreement and the subsequent amendments or resolutions are also referred to for short as the right of association .

Conclusion of the agreement

The agreement gave Turkey the possibility of later accession to the European Economic Community, as did the EEC-Greece Association Agreement in 1961, but unlike the agreements with Morocco and Tunisia in 1969. The agreement was signed together with a provisional protocol and financial protocol and authorized a joint association council to to take unanimous accompanying resolutions. The financial protocol regulated loans to Turkey totaling 175 million ECU ( European currency unit ).

Supplementary minutes and resolutions

In 1969, Decision No. 2/69 of the Association Council set up a “Committee on Customs Cooperation between the EC and Turkey”. An additional protocol and a second financial protocol were signed in Brussels in November 1970 and entered into force in January 1973. The additional protocol regulated a schedule and details for establishing the customs union. The second financial protocol provided for further loans to Turkey totaling 195 million ECU.

On December 20, 1976, the Association Council first adopted Decision No. 2/76, which was the first step in the establishment of the free movement of workers between the Community and Turkey. The decision 1/80 of the EEC-Turkey also concerned about the development of the Association of 19 September 1980 on the one hand, employment and freedom of movement for residents already in a Member State of the European Union Turkish workers and their families, on the other hand, the abolition of import duties on almost all agricultural products from 1987.

Customs union

The European Customs Union consists of the EU (blue) and the partner countries Turkey, Andorra, San Marino and Monaco (light blue).

With Decision 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of December 1995, a customs union was established on the basis of the Association Agreement with Turkey and with Decision No. 1/98 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 25 February 1998 the mutual preferential arrangements for agricultural trade between Turkey and the Community gradually improved.

The customs union with Turkey is also seen as a project actively promoted by the United States under the Clinton administration . The author Armağan Emre Çakır describes how the USA started an initiative and exerted influence on Greece, which was critical of the agreement. Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres also intervened directly with European politicians such as Rudolf Scharping , Felipe González and Tony Blair for the agreement with Turkey .

Turkey became part of the European Customs Union in 1996 . Almost all goods (except coal, steel and agricultural products) which were transferred to the EU or in Turkey to free circulation (of whatever origin ) may, with the movement certificate is imported A.TR duty free to the EU / Turkey. There are preferential agreements for agricultural products and the coal and steel sector .

After the then European Community had unanimously rejected Turkey's application for full membership in 1989, it was decided at the EU summit in Luxembourg in December 1997 that it was eligible for membership.

The Association Agreement was the political basis for obtaining the official status of a candidate country of the European Union, which was granted to the Republic of Turkey in 1999 .

For Turkey 's accession negotiations with the European Union , which began in 2005 , the EU stipulated that Turkey should sign a second additional protocol to the agreement, the so-called Ankara Protocol of 2005. It regulates the expansion of the EU's customs union with Turkey, which has existed since 1996 the ten new members who joined the EU in May 2004, including the Republic of Cyprus, which is not recognized by Turkey . Since Turkey made a “unilateral reservation” when signing the Protocol in 2005 , according to which the signing did not imply recognition of the Republic of Cyprus under international law, the Protocol was not ratified .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ cf. exemplary: Hofmann / Hoffmann, hand commentary on immigration law, preliminary remarks on EU-Turkey association law
  2. ↑ Agreement on the establishment of an association between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Turkey with Provisional Protocol 1 and Financial Protocol 2 Ankara, September 12, 1963
  3. ^ Additional Protocol and Financial Protocol of November 23, 1970
  4. ↑ General application information of the Federal Ministry of the Interior for Decision No. 1/80 of the Association Council EEC / Turkey (AAH - ARB 1/80) . Version 2002.
  5. ^ Complete German text version of the decision No. 1/80 of the Association Council EEC / Turkey on the development of the association , PDF-Doc. 246 kB, from migrationsrecht.net.
  6. ↑ Decision No. 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of December 22, 1995 on the implementation of the final phase of the customs union . OJ L 35 of February 13, 1996, pp. 1-47
  7. ↑ Decision No. 1/98 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of February 25, 1998 on the trade regime for agricultural products with 3 protocols . Official Journal No. L 86 of March 20, 1998, pp. 1–38
  8. ^ Armağan Emre Çakır: The United States and Turkey's Path to Europe: Hands Across the Table. Routledge, 2015, ISBN 978-1-138-18685-9 , p. 111 ff., P. 141.
  9. ↑ Decision No. 1/2001 of the Committee on Customs Cooperation between the EC and Turkey of March 28, 2001 amending Decision No. 1/96 laying down the implementing provisions for Decision No. 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council
  10. ↑ Turkey: Customs Union and Preferential Regulations ( Memento of the original from August 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ec.europa.eu
  11. ^ Additional protocol to the agreement establishing an association between the European Economic Community and Turkey on the basis of the enlargement of the European Union (PDF) Official Journal of the European Union L 254/59, September 30, 2005

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