Atrophic rhinitis

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The atrophic rhinitis ( "sniffer disease") is a chronic infectious disease of swine caused by destruction ( atrophy of) deformations or turbinates is characterized and leads to difficulty in breathing. Piglets and runners in intensive animal husbandry are particularly affected, the disease is promoted by stress and overcrowding and is one of the factor diseases . Atrophic rhinitis is a population problem.

causes

Atrophic rhinitis is mainly caused by toxin-producing strains of Pasteurella multocida . Concomitant infections from Bordetella bronchiseptica and the cytomegalovirus and poor feeding and keeping conditions are often involved in the development of the disease. The transmission takes place as a droplet infection .

It is also discussed that infection with Bordetellen plays a role in paving the way for infection with Pasteurella multocida . In animal experiments , it was possible to show that an isolated infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica leads to atrophy of the bones in the turbinates after 28 days. Bordetellos is particularly problematic for piglets up to four weeks old. They usually become infected with the latently infected sow and develop pneumonia. The infection is favored by intensive animal husbandry.

Clinical picture

The first sign of rhinitis atrophicans is heavy sneezing, which usually occurs between two and four weeks of age. The nasal mucosa is covered with a light yellow mucus. In the event of a severe course of the disease, the turbinates can be completely destroyed and the growth of the facial skull bones disrupted. With chronic existence, deformation and hypertrophy of these structures can occur.

diagnosis

In pronounced cases, the disease diagnosis can be made clinically. Pathological-anatomical changes in the turbinates and head bones are diagnosed using a transverse incision. Let pathohistologically already at early stages changes in the epithelium , hypertrophy of the endothelium , hyperplasia of the mucous membranes, inflammation of the periosteum and destruction demonstrate to the cartilage and bone structure.

The bacteriological examination for Pasteurella and Bordetelles is carried out by growing them on selective culture media. The toxin detection is provided in a cell culture.

Prevention and treatment

In the early stages of hygiene measures and can antibiotics bring success, for prophylaxis are vaccinations available. Several vaccines against rhinitis atrophicans are available for pigs in Germany . The preparation Porcilis AR-T DF has been approved since 2000 and contains a non-toxic derivative of the Pasteurella multocida toxin as a recombinant protein and inactivated cells from Bordetella bronchiseptica . It is used in sows to protect their piglets from the "sniffing disease". It is injected intramuscularly , i. H. injected into a muscle. Rhiniseng , which has been approved since 2010 , is also a combination preparation ; it also contains a recombinant protein from P. multocida that is no longer toxic and inactivated cells from B. bronchiseptica . Porcilis AR-T DF and Rhiniseng are approved in the European Union . The preparation Respiporc ART + EP , which has been approved in Germany since 1994, is also a combination vaccine, in addition to the derivative of the P. multocida toxin and inactivated cells of B. bronchiseptica , inactivated cells of P. multocida are also contained. In addition to vaccinating the dams, it can also be used in young pigs; the immunization should take place on the 35th and 56th day of life.

For treatment with antibiotics, the use of aminoglycosides , fluoroquinolones , macrolides (e.g. tylosin ), tetracyclines or the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (also known as cotrimoxazole ) is recommended. However, an antibiogram is helpful in determining the effectiveness of the antibiotic on the bacterial pathogens in advance. In chronic cases with changes in the turbinates and head bones, treatment is futile.

Furthermore, an optimization of the housing conditions and the immediate removal of sick animals are appropriate as preventive measures.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Hans-Joachim Selbitz, Uwe Truyen, Peter Valentin-Weigand: Veterinary microbiology, infection and disease theory . 8th edition. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8304-1080-5 , p. 169-171 .
  2. ↑ LA Collings, JM Rutter: Virulence of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the porcine respiratory tract. In: Journal of medical microbiology. Volume 19, No. 2, April 1985, pp. 247-255, ISSN  0022-2615 . PMID 2858594 .
  3. ↑ a b c Pig vaccines. In: Website of the Paul Ehrlich Institute . January 8, 2014, accessed March 30, 2014 .
  4. ↑ a b Porcilis AR-T DF - protein dO (non-toxic deletion derivative of Pasteurella multocida dermonecrotic toxin) / inactivated Bordetella bronchiseptica cells. In: European Medicines Agency website . December 20, 2011, accessed March 11, 2014 .
  5. ↑ a b Rhiniseng - inactivated Bordetella bronchiseptica, strain 833CER / recombinant type-D Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMTr). In: European Medicines Agency website. September 28, 2010, accessed March 30, 2014 .
  6. ↑ RESPIPORC ART + EP. In: Website PharmNet.Bund . January 1, 2008, accessed March 30, 2014 .