Load

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In the geosciences

In the geosciences, load is understood as the increased pressure that a fluid or rock layer exerts on the underlying material.

An invariable load causes a reduction in volume of the loaded layers, the extent of which depends on the pressure and the compression modulus . In longer periods of time there can also be geological structural changes (e.g. compaction of sediments or foliage ), subsidence or horizontal thrusts .

A variable load - such as the earth's atmosphere , the groundwater or the tides of the oceans - causes elastic or plastic deformation , depending on the material , which can now be detected on the entire earth body using modern measurement methods .

In construction

The structural analysis subsumes under loads all elements that act vertically on the structure due to their weight and that must be taken into account in the load assumption . The "load transfer" takes place through the appropriate design of the structure (see Fiale ). In the case of foundations or retaining walls , the lateral earth pressure must also be taken into account, in tunnel construction the rock pressure .

Variable loads are payload , snow load . In contrast, wind , water and ice pressure act more horizontally on the structure and any buoyancy acts in the opposite direction to the load.

literature

  • Dieter Richter: General Geology. (= Göschen Collection 2604). 3rd, revised and expanded edition. de Gruyter, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-11-010416-4 .
  • Karl-Eugen Kurrer : History of Structural Analysis. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-433-01641-0 .
  • Maria Karbon: Atmospheric load effects. In: Austrian Journal for Surveying and Geoinformation. No. 2, 2011, pp. 122–130, online (PDF; 2.9 MB) .
  • Johann Buß: GGU footing, calculation of foundations. Program manual 2012 (PDF; 796 kB).