Surcharge (uniform)
The surcharge is in the military uniform of the trim at the bottom of the sleeve of his tunic , mostly in the color of the collar .
history
With the beginning of uniforming of military associations between the end of the Thirty Years War and the end of the 17th century, the large-sized cuffs or envelopes, initially corresponding to the civilian fashion of the time, began to be kept in the badge color of the respective association.
In the course of time, different armies crystallized in various forms of design typical of the country: flaps (some with different colors) were placed over the cuffs, the number and the arrangement of the buttons varied, and the shape itself was also affected by changes. Sometimes surcharge or flap was given a different colored piping , sometimes was the impact of the rock color and only a different color piped. With the growth of the armed forces, these variants were increasingly used to distinguish formations within the same army or even the same type of weapon . In the Austro-Hungarian Line Infantry , for example, two regiments shared the same combination of button and badge color, but could not be used. a. recognizable by different cuffs as a bandage from the cis- or transleithan part of the Danube monarchy ( equalization ). The uniform styles of militarily successful states were gladly copied by others, so that some forms of clothing were also spread outside their country of origin. And when lancers and light cavalry in the style of the Polish Uhlans and Hungarian hussars were deployed in numerous European armies , their tapered surcharges were also adopted for other parts of the light cavalry, sometimes even for light infantry .
Until around the beginning of the First World War , cuffs remained an integral part of the brightly colored peace uniforms of most armies. They were also often still used in field uniforms, albeit in a greatly simplified form. After the First World War, the cuffs were retained in some armed forces for reasons of tradition. B. in the German armed forces . They are still used by some armies today, but only for more formal types of suits, not for work or field suits.
basic forms
About three main types emerged in the shape of the cuffs, within which there were numerous smaller differences:
- straight cuff without flaps (called Swedish or German )
- straight cuff with flaps (called French or Brandenburg )
- pointed cuff covers ( called in Polish )
Although in the 19th century the hussars and similarly uniformed troops of some states did not have the badge colors and thus the surcharge in the true sense of Dolman or Attila , the dressy lacing surrounding the surcharge ( called Vitéz Kötés in Hungary ) was retained or even adopted for uniforms that do not have any surcharges from the start.
The cuffs were decorated with vertical and horizontal rows of buttons, and functionless buttonholes with and without borders were attached. Over the decades, the dimensions of the markups continued to decrease until they reached their final size at the end of the 19th century. To save money, they only consisted of patches of fabric and were no longer cuffs in the true sense of the word.
Examples
Royal-Carabiniers (France) 1700
Royal-Roussillon Regiment (France) 1720
Gensdarmes de la Garde (France) 1724
45th Regiment of Foot (England) 1750
Royal-Hesse-Darmstadt Regiment (France) 1786
kk Hungarian grenadier 1798
Hunter of the Olivera Regiment (Spain) 1811
Guard grenadiers of the Kingdom of Westphalia 1812
Gendarmes d'Elite of the Imperial Guard (France) 1865
kk German uniform (Austria-Hungary) 1867
Austro-Hungarian uniform (Austria-Hungary) 1914
Dress uniform of the German Wehrmacht
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Forms of service by the German army in 1914:
Brandenburg serve of the (among other things) infantry , the guards grenadiers and the foot artillery .
Feature: three buttons on top of each other on the sleeve flap .
Teams Hess. Guard Rgt 115
Officers Hess. Guard Rgt 115
with green piping, teams, line
Teams, guard
with yellow piping, NCOs, line
Swedish surcharges for parts of the infantry, the guards on foot, pioneers , hunters , field artillery , dragoons , cuirassiers and hunters on horseback . The Prussian military officials also had Swedish surcharges throughout.
Characteristic: running parallel to the lower opening of the sleeve and two buttons next to each other.
with yellow buttons, teams, line
Teams, guard
with white buttons, NCOs, line
Gardes du Corps, NCOs
Cuirassiers, NCOs
Polish serve with the Uhlans and gendarmes
Characteristic: tapering upwards into a point and in this a single button .
Teams, guard
Teams
Neufchateler or French surcharges for the guards riflemen and the 2nd guards machine-gun division.
This form of service was otherwise only available with the 2nd Battalion of the Mecklenburg Grenadier Regiment No. 89 .
Feature: three buttons on top of each other on a curly sleeve flap with three points.
There were German surcharges only for the Saxon troops
Characteristic: running parallel to the lower opening of the sleeve, a button on the cuff, a button on the sleeve.
Hussars no longer had cuffs in the true sense of the word, but wore a lace ornament on the lower sleeve.
literature
- Liliane and Fred Funcken : Historical Uniforms - Napoleonic Period, 18th Century and 19th Century. Munich 1989.
- Liliane and Fred Funcken: Historical Uniforms - 18th Century, French Guard and Infantry, British and Prussian Infantry. Munich 1978.
- Liliane and Fred Funcken: Historical Uniforms - 18th Century, French, British and Prussian Cavalry - Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery from the rest of Europe. Munich 1978.
- Reinhold Müller: The Army of Augustus the Strong. Military publishing house of the GDR, Berlin 1984.