Equalization (uniform)

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By equalizing the system of colors and colored badge to specify the individual regiments each other was, and to distinguish different branches of the Austro-Hungarian army called. It was an official name from the Austro-Hungarian military nomenclature .

term

The adjustment regulation contains the color sample tables

The term breaks down into equalization as overall and equalization colors or weapon colors or badge colors as a sub-term.

In this colloquially colors Kastl mentioned very complicated system of imperial military is denoted by leveling the one hand, the distinctive features in the last 102 infantry - regiments , the Lancers and Dragoons of the peace prior joint army with each other hand in all the other belonging to a branch of service or activity.

Attaching colored badges to differentiate individual units in different parts of the uniform is not an Austrian invention. Immediately with the beginning of a systematic uniformization of troops in the middle of the 17th century, cuffs began to be produced in different colors in all armies . However, this system was used particularly intensively in Austria. The palette called Farbenkastl, with its twelve shades of red alone, can be identified here as early as 1762. When it was introduced, the colors were allocated to the individual regiments.

Until the change of the uniform style in the Napoleonic era , the equalization colors in the kuk army were mostly only worn on the borders and cuffs of the collarless skirts. (For some regiments, for example Infantry Regiment No. 27 "Baden-Durlach", the lap envelopes were also colored.)

After the discontinuation of pre-revolutionary uniforms and the introduction of the Kollett , the color box system was continued in that the colors could now be seen on the stand-up collars, the lap turn-ups and the cuffs. After the army reform of 1867, the new tunic kept the previous system, only the fold was naturally omitted.

The parolis in the equalizing color ( badge color ) together with the cuffs, passepoils , lampasses , as well as through the color and cut of the tunic (buttoned in one or two rows ) were used for equalization .

On the uniform of the kuk infantry or dragoon regiments, numbering was not provided, so that one had to resort to other means to be able to distinguish these units from one another. This was done through the different color combinations of the parolis or cuffs in connection with the different colored (yellow or white) buttons.

Another distinguishing feature was the cuffs of the "German" and "Hungarian" regiments, which differed in shape, so that in the end each color could be used four times for the infantry.

Not inconsiderable difficulties arose due to the sometimes only insignificantly different color tones, especially the red colors. Although color sample cards existed in the adjustment regulations and in the clothing depots, on which the exact color shades were specified, deviations were already permitted here, ranging from “at least the lightest” to the “highest, the darkest”. Because of the different fabric manufacturers and the fact that the officers had to dress themselves and, if necessary, express special requests - which, by the way, were tacitly tolerated anyway - there was no getting around this practice. If there was no comparison, it was almost impossible to tell whether a soldier was wearing cherry red parolis or dark red parolis. (To make matters worse, there was a "light" and a "dark" version for the color madder red!)

Another problem was the almost arbitrary naming of the colors, which, for example, in the case of the term "gray-blue" used for the trousers of the military officials in no way corresponds to the facts. The color spectrum was somewhere between black-blue, anthracite and black.

After the end of the Danube monarchy, a simple system of weapon colors based on the model of the Reichswehr replaced the equalization until it experienced a brief resurrection under the corporate state in the federal army .

  • Cuffs of the German uniform

  • Cuffs of the Hungarian uniform

  • Platoon leader with imperial yellow Parolis and white buttons on a pike-gray blouse and coat
    Here:
    German (Dalmatian) Inf Rgt 22 or Hungarian Inf Rgt 31

Examples

LEVELING COLOR BUTTONS
Imperial yellow White
(German) Infantry Regiment "Graf Lacy" No. 22
(Hungarian) Infantry Regiment "Pucherna" No. 31
Imperial yellow yellow
(German) infantry regiment "Albert I, King of the Belgians" No. 27
(Hungarian) infantry regiment "Emperor Alexander I of Russia" No. 2
Sea grass green yellow
(German) Infantry Regiment "Potiorek" No. 102
Pale red yellow
(German) Infantry Regiment Prinz "Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld" No. 57
(Hungarian) Infantry Regiment "Archduke Ludwig Viktor" No. 65
Pale red White
(German) Infantry Regiment "Reichsgraf Browne" No. 36
(Hungarian) Infantry Regiment "Archduke Peter Ferdinand" No. 65

The distinguishing features of the kuk infantry regiments

Leveling color Button color German Rgtr Hungarian Rgtr Button color German Rgtr Hungarian Rgtr
White White IR 92 - yellow IR 94 -
black White IR 58 IR 38 yellow IR 14 IR 26
Scarlet fever White IR 80 IR 39 yellow IR 45 IR 37
Amaranth red White IR 95 - yellow IR 90 IR 86
Crab red White IR 20 IR 67 yellow IR 35 IR 71
madder White IR 74 IR 34 yellow IR 15 IR 44
Bordeaux red White IR 88 - yellow IR 89 -
Pale red White IR 36 IR 66 yellow IR 57 IR 65
Rose red White IR 97 IR 13 yellow IR 6 IR 5
Cherry red White IR 77 IR 23 yellow IR 73 IR 43
Crimson White IR 81 IR 82 yellow IR 84 IR 96
Dark red White IR 18 IR 53 yellow IR 1 IR 52
Sulfur yellow White IR 41 IR 101 yellow IR 99 IR 16
Imperial yellow White IR 22 IR 31 yellow IR 27 IR 2
Orange yellow White IR 42 IR 63 yellow IR 59 IR 64
Light blue White IR 75 IR 29 yellow IR 40 IR 72
Sky blue White IR 3 IR 19 yellow IR 4 IR 32
Light drap White IR 98 - yellow IR 100
Pike gray White IR 49 IR 69 yellow 30th IR 76
Ash gray White IR 24 IR 33 yellow IR 11 IR 51
Sea green White IR 87 IR 25 yellow IR 21 IR 70
Apple green White IR 54 IR 79 yellow IR 9 IR 85
Sea grass green White - - yellow IR 102 -
Parrot green White IR 10 IR 50 yellow IR 91 IR 46
Green grass White IR 28 IR 62 yellow IR 8 IR 61
Steel green White IR 47 IR 60 yellow IR 56 IR 48
Brownish red White IR 17 IR 78 yellow IR 55 IR 68
Dark brown White IR 7 IR 83 yellow IR 93 IR 12

cavalry

Hussars

The equalization of the hussars took place through the colored shakos , the olives and the attillas (light blue and dark blue). Instead of the imperial coat of arms, the hussars had a number on the shako eagle's breastplate.

regiment Attila Olives Shako cover
8th dark blue yellow madder
3 dark blue yellow White
1 dark blue yellow dark blue
15th dark blue yellow ash gray
5 dark blue White madder
9 dark blue White White
13 dark blue White dark blue
11 dark blue White ash gray
14th light blue yellow madder
2 light blue yellow White
10 light blue yellow light blue
6th light blue yellow ash gray
4th light blue White madder
12 light blue White White
7th light blue White light blue
16 light blue White ash gray

The Austro-Hungarian Landwehr Hussars all wore dark blue Attila and shakos of the same color. They could only be distinguished from one another by the number on the shako.

dragoon

regiment Button color Leveling color
1 White dark red
2 White black
3 yellow dark red
4th White grass green
5 White imperial yellow
6th yellow black
7th White sulfur yellow
8th yellow scarlet
9 yellow grass green
10 yellow sulfur yellow
11 White scarlet
12 yellow imperial yellow
13 White madder
14th yellow madder
15th yellow White
Equalization on the Tschapka of the kk Landwehr-Uhlan Regiment No. 2

Uhlans

regiment Button color Tschapka cover
1 yellow imperial yellow
2 yellow dark green
3 yellow madder
4th yellow White
5 yellow light blue
6th White imperial yellow
7th White dark green
8th White madder
11 White cherry red
12 yellow sky blue
13 White sky blue

The kk Landwehr Uhlans wore the same uniform, but they all wore a madder red capka suit. They could only be distinguished from one another by the number on the Tschapka and the number on the (uniform) white buttons.

Equalization as a sign of the type of weapon or branch

(All units of the class wore the same leveling color, there was no distinguishing feature between the units - as with the infantry regiments)

Type of weapon / branch Leveling color additive
Kaiserjäger grass green
Military police grass green Buttons with battalion numbers
Imperial and Royal Landwehr Infantry grass green Officers buttons with numbers
State riflemen grass green Buttons with Roman numbers
Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry alizarin red Buttons with regimental numbers
Sappers cherry red
Pioneers steel green
artillery scarlet
Military doctors black velvet scarlet passepoils
Medical service madder
Catering industry light blue white buttons
Outfit madder yellow buttons
Troop accounting officer light blue white buttons
Indetante officials crimson yellow buttons
Train light blue white buttons
Military educational institutions crimson black blouse
Judicial system madder yellow buttons
Military Geography Institute black velvet scarlet passepoils
Invalids (teams) madder white buttons
Invalids (officers) scarlet
Generals scarlet
Adjutants General scarlet
General Staff officers black velvet scarlet passepoils
Staff of genius cherry red velvet
Military civil engineers cherry red velvet white buttons
Military Technical Committee cherry red velvet yellow buttons
Military registrars orange yellow white buttons
Police Guard Corps madder yellow buttons
ku Landwehr mouse gray

Collar badges of the industries

Equalizing and basic colors

  • Kuk Farbenkastl 1912 (5) .png
  • Kuk Farbenkastl 1912 (1) .png
  • Kuk Farbenkastl 1912 (3) .png
  • Kuk Farbenkastl 1912 (4) .png
  • KukFarbenkastl 1912 (2) .png
  • Kuk Farbenkastl 1912 (6) .png

Problem of color recognition

Not inconsiderable difficulties in color recognition arise from two aspects:

  • The lax handling of uniform regulations. The colors to be used were prescribed and specified with the help of color sample boards, but there were often not inconsiderable deviations, especially when dressing up yourself. Anyone who had a skirt made by a master tailor in the farthest province (for example in Banja Luka or Trembowla) could not necessarily be sure that the exact color was used here. The same applied to the collar color, where eleven different shades of red and six different shades of green already caused difficulties in the obvious allocation. In addition, deviations were accepted ex officio, which increased the confusion. So-called color tones were allowed for the individual colors, ranging from “at least as light to at most as dark”. The imaginative naming such as sea green, sea grass green and grass green does the rest. (Why grass green is a dark green with a strong hint of blue is not clear to you.) The outfit management industry also repeatedly found manufacturer-related color deviations from the norm, but this could never be remedied. In the case of voluntary self-procurement (for example, one-year-old volunteers or well-off persons obliged to provide uniforms), the provision was interpreted extremely generously.
  • The time factor. Time has not passed by without a trace on the sample parts and sample boards or cards. Especially after the end of the First World War, the legacy of the Austro-Hungarian army was given little respect and was often abandoned to neglect. This also led to the fact that the color charts and sample pieces have faded and no longer reflect the respective original color.

literature

  • Adjustment regulation for the Austro-Hungarian Joint Army, the Imperial and Royal Landwehr, the Imperial and Royal Landwehr, the affiliated institutions and the corps of military officials. (Part III) Published with the approval of the Austro-Hungarian War Ministry by Erich Christl's kuk Hofdruckerei, Bozen 1912.
  • Peter Fichtenbauer , Christian Ortner : The history of the Austrian army from Maria Theresa to the present in essays and pictorial representations , Verlag Militaria, Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-902526-71-7
  • Johann C. Allmayer-Beck, Erich Lessing: The Kuk Army. 1848-1914 . Bertelsmann publishing house, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-570-07287-8 .
  • Stefan Rest: The emperor's rock in the First World War . Verlag Militaria, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-9501642-0-0
  • The Austro-Hungarian Army in 1895 Writings from the Army History Museum in Vienna - Leopold Stocker Verlag , Graz 1997

Web links

Commons : Uniforms of the Austro-Hungarian Army according to Adjustment rule  - collection of images, videos and audio files

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Accurate presentation of the entire Kayserl. and royal Army (Albertina, Vienna) Nuremberg 1762
  2. ↑ Liliane and Fred Funcken Historical Uniforms 18th Century Munich 1978 p. 100
  3. ↑ Liliane and Fred Funcken Historical Uniforms 18th and 19th Centuries Munich 1989 p. 347