ku Landwehr (Austria-Hungary)
The Royal Hungarian Landwehr (Hungarian: Magyar Királyi Honvédség , commonly just the Honvéd ) was one of four branches of the armed forces of Austria-Hungary (officially called "Armed Power" or "Wehrmacht"). The other three were the cisleithan Honvéd counterpart from 1867 to 1918 , the Imperial and Royal Landwehr , as well as the Common Army and the Austro-Hungarian Navy .
history
The name Honvéd means "defender of the fatherland" and first appears in the revolutionary year of 1848 . At that time, this was the name given to those volunteers who committed themselves for a few weeks or a gyözelemig (i.e. until victory) and were sent against Serbs and Croats . When later the struggle was mainly directed against the Austrian Empire , a number of the regular imperial regiments transferred to the Hungarians and the volunteers were partly added to these regiments and partly incorporated into new regular regiments, the name Honvéd was used for all members of the Hungarian armed forces 1848 / 1849; which were ultimately defeated by Austria with Russian help.
When the armed forces were reorganized after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , the Landwehr of the so-called Lands of St. Stephen's Crown was given the name Honvédség (pronounced honnwehdschehg), d. H. Landwehrschaft, in German for short Honvéd .
On May 21, 1893, the so-called Honvéd Monument was unveiled in Budapest to commemorate the deeds of the Hungarian National Army during the revolution of 1848–1849 .
During the First World War , the ku landwehr fought together with the kuk army and the imperial-royal landwehr in the army of Austria-Hungary. This part of the history of the Hungarian Landwehr ends with the official exit of the Kingdom of Hungary from the Real Union “Austria-Hungary” on October 31, 1918, the recall of the Hungarian units from the front and their return to their homeland.
Many World War II veterans from the Honvéd joined the Red Army formed during the time of the Hungarian Soviet Republic .
See also: → Royal Hungarian Army (1922–1945) as successor organization
structure
The ku Landwehr consisted of territorial associations of the Hungarian half of the empire ( Transleithanien or also called "Lands of St. Stephen's Crown"). In addition to today's Hungary, this included Slovakia (so-called Upper Hungary , Hungarian Felvidék ) and parts of today's states Romania (with Transylvania and Banat ), Serbia , Croatia , Slovenia ( Prekmurje / Übermurgebiet) and Austria ( Burgenland ).
Usually the term “ Landwehr ” was used to describe reserve associations with reduced combat strength in the German-speaking world . However, this was not the case here. The Austro-Hungarian Landwehr Regiment was indeed with only three battalions in terms of staff weaker than the four battalions comprehensive Infantry - Regiment of the Joint Army . Nevertheless, the Austro-Hungarian Landwehr was to be regarded as a fully fledged combat force.
The ku Landwehr was divided into the Hungarian Landwehr and the Croatian-Slavonian Landwehr, whereby the Croats were granted the right in the " small compensation " of 1868 to introduce Croatian as the service and command language in their Honvéd units. In addition, the Croatian-Slavonian Honvéd units were subordinate to the Ban in Agram and not to the National Defense Minister in Budapest .
The Hungarian Landwehr officers were trained at the Ludovika Academy in Budapest.
Landwehr districts
- I. Landwehr District - Budapest
- M.kir. I. budapesti honvéd kerületi parancsnokság
- II. Landwehr District - Szeged
- M.kir. II. Szegedi honvéd kerületi parancsnokság
- III. Landwehr District - Kassa (Kaschau)
- M.kir. III. kassai honvéd kerületi parancsnokság
- IV. Landwehr District - Pozsony (Pressburg)
- M.kir. IV. Pozsonyi honvéd kerületi parancsnokság
- V. Landwehr District - Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca)
- M.kir. V. kolozsvári honvéd kerületi parancsnokság
- VI. Landwehr District - Zagreb (Agram)
- M.kir. VI. zágrábi horvát-szlavón kerületi parancsnokság
Associations of the ku Landwehr
All information relates to the year 1914 :
Infantry Divisions
- 20. HITD - Nagyvárad (Oradea)
- Commander: Lieutenant Field Marshal Friedrich von Csanády
-
39th Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Nagyvárad
- Commander: Major General Koloman Patzák
-
40th Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Szatmárnémeti (Sathmar)
- Commanding officer: Colonel Béla Tarnáky
- 41st HITD - Budapest
- Commander: Lieutenant Field Marshal Johann Nikić
-
81st Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Budapest
- Commander: Major General Eugen Perneczky
-
82nd Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Veszprém (Wesprim)
- Commander: Major General Rudolf Schamschula
Independent infantry brigades
- 45th Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Szeged
- Commanding officer: Major General Rudolf Silk
- Commander: Major General Lehel Festl
- Commanding Officer: Colonel Paul von Nagy
- Commander: Major General Franz Cvrček
- Commander: Major General Karl Lippner von Nagyszentmiklós
- 76th Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Nagyszeben
- Commanding officer: Colonel Adalbert Benke von Tardoskedd
- Commanding officer: Colonel Desiderius Molnár von Péterfalva
- 78th Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Miskolc
- Commanding officer: Major General Josef Foglár
- 79th Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Budapest
- Commander: Major General Koloman Tabajdi
- 80th Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Pécs
- Commander: Colonel Johann Háber
- Commanding officer: Major General Nikolaus Ištvanović von Ivanska
- 84th Honvéd Infantry Brigade - Osijek
- Commanding Officer: Colonel Daniel Kolak
Cavalry troop divisions
- 5. HKTD Budapest
- Commander: Lieutenant Field Marshal Ernst Anton von Froreich-Szábo
- 19th Honvéd Cavalry Brigade - Budapest
- Commander: Major General Ferdinand Graf von Bissingen and Nippenburg
- 23rd Honvéd Cavalry Brigade - Zalaegerszeg
- Commander: Colonel Baron Colbert Zech
- 11. HKTD - Debreczen
- Commander: Major General Julius Freiherr Nagy von Töbör-Éthe
- 22nd Landwehr Cavalry Brigade - Szeged
- Commanding officer: Colonel Karl Czitó
- 24th Landwehr Cavalry Brigade - cash desk
- Commanding officer: Colonel Ladislaus Jóny von Jamnik
Infantry regiments
| I. | II. |
|---|---|
|
|
Cavalry regiments
- Budapest Honvéd Hussars Rgt 1
- 19th Honvéd Cavalry Brigade - 5th Honvéd Cavalry Division
- Commandant: Colonel Colbert Zech von Deybach Freiherr von Hart and Sulz - Debachi Zech Colbert harti és sulzi báró, ezredes
- Debreczener Honvéd Hussars Rgt 2
- 22nd Honvéd Cavalry Brigade - 11th Honvéd Cavalry Troop Division
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Johann Flór - Flór János alezredes
- Szegeder Honvéd Hussars Rgt 3
- 22nd Honvéd Cavalry Brigade - 11th Honvéd Cavalry Troop Division
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Árpád Cserépy von Kisruszka - Kisruszkai Cserépy Árpád alezredes
- Szabadkaer Honvéd Hussars Rgt 4
- I., II. Esk. 23. Honvéd Infantry Troop Division
- III., IV. Esk. 20th Honvéd Infantry Troop Division
- V., VI. Esk. 41st Honvéd Infantry Division
- Commanding officer: Lieutenant Colonel Nikolaus Jankovich von Jeszenicze - Jeszeniczai Jankovich Miklós alezredes
- Treasurer Honvéd Hussars Rgt 5
- 24th Honvéd Cavalry Brigade - 11th Honvéd Cavalry Troop Division
- Commanding Officer: Colonel Paul Hegedüs - Hegedüs Pál ezredes
- Zalaegerszeger Honvéd Hussars Rgt 6
- 23rd Honvéd Cavalry Brigade - 5th Honvéd Cavalry Troop Division
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Ladislaus Forster von Szenterzsébet - Szenterzsébeti Forster László alezredes
- Pápaer Honvéd Hussars Rgt 7
- 23rd Honvéd Cavalry Brigade - 5th Honvéd Cavalry Troop Division
- Commanding officer: Colonel Johann Graf Lubienski - Gróf Lubienski János ezredes
- Pécs Honvéd Hussars Rgt 8
- 19th Honvéd Cavalry Brigade - 5th Honvéd Cavalry Troop Division
- Commanding officer: Lieutenant Colonel Alexius Thege von Konkoly - Konkoly Thege Elek alezredes
- Maros-Vásárhelyer Honvéd Hussars Rgt 9
- 24th Honvéd Cavalry Brigade -1. Honvéd Cavalry Troop Division
- Commander: Colonel Koloman Géczy von Garamszeg - Garamszegi Géczy Kálmán ezredes
- Varazdiner Honvéd Hussars Rgt 10
- I., II. Esk. 36th Honved Infantry Troop Division
- III., IV. Esk. 42nd Honved Infantry Troop Division
- V., VI. Esk. 13th Honvéd Infantry Brigade
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Alois Hauer - Hauer Alajos alezredes
Field cannon regiments
- HFKR 1 - 1. honvéd tábori ágyúsezred
- Garrison: Budapest - 4th Honvéd Infantry Division - 1st Landwehr District
- erected: 1913
- Commanding officer: Colonel Anton Hellebronth von Tiszabeö - Tiszabeöi Hellebronth Antal ezredes
- HFKR 2 - 2. honvéd tábori ágyúsezred
- Garrison: Nagyszeben - 23rd Honvéd Infantry Division - 5th Landwehr District
- erected: 1914
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Ladislaus Thaisz - Thaisz Lázló alezredes
- HFKR 3 - 3. honvéd tábori ágyúsezred
- Garrison: Cash desk - 39th Honvéd Infantry Division - III. Landwehr District
- erected: 1914
- Commanding officer: Lieutenant Colonel Heinrich Loidin - Loidin Henrik alezredes
- HFKR 4 - 4. honvéd tábori ágyúsezred
- Garrison: Nyitra - 37th Honvéd Infantry Division - IV Landwehr District
- erected: 1914
- Commanding officer: Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Mattanovich - Mattanovich Sándor alezredes
- HFKR 5 - 5. honvéd tábori ágyúsezred
- Garrison: Maros-Vásarhely - 38th Honvéd Infantry Division - 5th Landwehr District
- erected: 1914
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Egon Stráner - Sztráner Jenő alezredes
- HFKR 6 - 6. honvéd tábori ágyúsezred
- Garrison: Agram - 42nd Honvéd Infantry Division - VI. Landwehr District
- erected: 1914
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Rudolf Sekulić - Sekulić Rezső alezredes
- HFKR 7 - 7. honvéd tábori ágyúsezred
- Garrison: Hajmaskér - 41st Honvéd Infantry Division - VII Landwehr District
- erected: 1914
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Gustav Kapp - Capp Gusztáv alzredes
- HFKR 8 - 8. honvéd tábori ágyúsezred
- Garrison: Hajmaskér - 20th Honvéd Infantry Division - II Landwehr District
- erected: 1914
- Commander: Colonel Albert Pohl - Pohl Albert ezredes
- 1st Honvéd Horse Artillery Division - honvéd lovastüzér osztály
- Garrison: Szeged - 11th Honvéd Cavalry Division - II Landwehr District
- erected: 1914
Museum reception
The history of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces is documented in detail in the Army History Museum in Vienna, founded by Emperor Franz Joseph I as the “ Imperial and Royal Court Weapons Museum” . Several uniforms of the ku Landwehr are exhibited in a separate showcase in room V ("Franz-Joseph-Saal") of the museum, a relief on the back of the showcase shows the territories from which the ku and kk landwehr were recruited.
Literature and Sources
- Peter Fichtenbauer , Christian Ortner : The history of the Austrian army from Maria Theresa to the present in essays and pictorial representations , Verlag Militaria, Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-902526-71-7
- Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck, Erich Lessing: The Kuk Army. 1848-1914 . Bertelsmann publishing house, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-570-07287-8 .
- kuk war ministry “Dislocation and division of the kuk army, kuk navy, kk landwehr and ku landwehr” in: Seidel's small army scheme - published by Seidel & Sohn Vienna 1914.
- Stefan Rest, M. Christian Ortner , Thomas Ilmig: The emperor's rock in the 1st World War . Verlag Militaria, Vienna 2002, ISBN 978-3950164206 .
- Imperial and Royal War Ministry "Adjustment regulation for the Imperial and Royal Army, the Imperial and Royal Landwehr, the Imperial and Royal Landwehr, the affiliated institutions and the corps of military officials" Vienna 1911/1912.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Army History Museum Vienna. Hall VI - The k. (U.) K. Army from 1867–1914 , Vienna 1989, p. 25.
Web links
Ministerial leadership of the
Supreme Commanders of the Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary |
kuk War Ministry |
kk Ministry of National Defense |
ku Honvéd Ministry .
Armed
Forces Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary |
Land forces of Austria-Hungary 1867–1914 |
Austria-Hungary's army in the First World War .
Forces :
Joint Army |
kk Landwehr |
ku Landwehr .
Staff services:
kuk generals |
kuk staff |
kuk military justice system |
kuk adjutants |
kuk army stand .
Infantry:
kuk infantry |
Military police |
Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry |
kk Landesschützen |
kuk Kaiserjäger |
kk mountain troops (incl. high mountain companies
k.k. mountain guide companies ) |
kk Standschützen .
Cavalry:
Austro-Hungarian hussars |
kuk Uhlans |
kuk dragoons |
Riding Tyrolean riflemen .
Artillery:
Austro-Hungarian artillery .
Guard:
Kk satellite body guard |
kuk Leibgard Infantry Company |
Kuk bodyguard squadron |
Arcièren Life Guard |
Royal Hungarian Life Guard .
Technical troops:
Austro-Hungarian sappers |
kuk pioneers |
kuk Technical Military Committee |
Training of the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces |
kuk military automobile industry |
kuk telegraph troop |
kuk Transport Troop Brigade .
Gendarmerie:
kuk Police Guard Corps |
kk gendarmerie |
ku Gendarmerie |
Criminal university
Authorities: Economic Administration of the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces | Kuk Military Geography Institute | kuk war press headquarters | kuk Army Museum .
Education: Theresian Military Academy | War School | Franz Joseph Military Academy | Ludovika Academy | Military Technical Academy | Naval Academy | Army shooting school | Fencing and gymnastics teacher institute | Artillery Shooting School •
Other: March battalions | Medical services of the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces | kuk military chaplaincy | Military Disability Benefits Level | State horse breeding institutions | Records office | kuk customer service .
Associations and bases: List of kuk combat troops in July 1914 | List of Austro-Hungarian combat support troops | List of large units of the Austro-Hungarian Army | List of corps of the Austro-Hungarian Army | Garrisons of the land forces of Austria-Hungary .
Fortifications: Austrian fortifications on the border with Italy
Naval Forces: Austro-Hungarian Marine Section | Austrian Navy | Fleet of the Austro-Hungarian Navy | List of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy | SM submarines | List of Austro-Hungarian submarines (1909–1919)
Air Force: Aviation Forces .
Uniforms: Badges of rank of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces | Paroli | Adjustment | Equalization
Military personnel: List of field marshals Austria-Hungary | List of General Colonels and Grand Admirals of Austria-Hungary | List of Austro-Hungarian fighter pilots in the First World War | List of field marshal lieutenants .