Trenčín

Trenčín ( pronunciation ^?^/^I ; German Trenčín also Trenczin, Hungarian Trencsén , Latin Laugaricio in antiquity or Trentsinium in the Middle Ages and in modern times) is a center of the middle Považie region in western Slovakia near the border with the Czech Republic .

The city has 55,383 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019) and is the capital of the Trenčín Regional Association and the Okres Trenčín district . The medieval Trenčín Castle stands on a rock above the town .

geography

Aerial view of the castle, part of the center and the Brezina city park

View of Trenčín from the castle

Trenčín is located in the west of Slovakia on the middle reaches of the Waag (Slovak Vah ), between the White Carpathian Mountains in the north and west, the mountains Strážovské hills in the east and Považský Inovec in the south. Geomorphologically, the majority of the town lies in the Považské podolie valley on the border of its two parts: the Trenčianska kotlina , which runs to the southwest, and the Ilavská kotlina , which is northeast. A foothold of the Strážovské vrchy around the mountain Kozí vrch ( 363 m nm ), which today houses the city park Brezina, is characteristic. In the center it narrows the valley to a few hundred meters and, together with the Waag, creates an irregular shape for the city. The town center is located at an altitude of 211 m nm on the left bank of the Waag.

Shortly before the center, the Kočkovský kanál joins the Waag, while the Biskupický kanál branches off further downstream .

About 20 km northwest of Trenčin runs the border with the Czech Republic, which runs along the main ridge of the White Carpathians. The town center is 120 km from the capital Bratislava ; the next regional capital Žilina is about 80 km upstream. The size of the community area is about 82 km².

Neighboring communities of Trenčín are Horná Súča , Dolná Súča , Hrabovka and Zamarovce in the north, Skalka nad Váhom and Trenčianska Teplá in the Northeast, Trenčianske Teplice , Petrova Lehota and Motešice the east, Soblahov in the southeast, Trenčianska Turná in the south, veľké bierovce and Opatovce in southwest , Kostolná-Záriečie and Drietoma to the west.

history

Roman inscription from Trenčín

Trenčín is an old settlement and has been inhabited almost continuously since the Stone Age. Settlements of the Maďarovce culture from the Young Bronze Age, as well as the Lausitz culture and the Puchau culture are known . The place was on one of the branches of the Amber Road . In the 2nd and 1st centuries BC There was a fortified settlement of the Celts , but towards the beginning of our era they were expelled or assimilated by Germanic tribes, especially Quadi and Marcomanni . From the time of the Marcomann Wars , more precisely a dispute between the Roman Empire and the Quads in (later) Slovakia, there is an inscription carved into the castle rock around 179 AD; it is the northernmost evidence of the presence of Roman legions in Central Europe east of today's Germany. Trenčín was then called Laugaricium .

After the end of Roman influence at the end of the 4th century, the time of the great migration began. At the end of this epoch in 568, large parts of the Germanic population under Alboin left the Carpathian Basin for Italy. It was around this time that the first Slavs arrived in the area. Finds from the 5th and 6th centuries confirm their presence in the region. Finds from the 7th to 12th centuries have been made in the urban area of Trenčín.

Trenčín was an important place during the Great Moravian Empire . After the fall of Great Moravia, the area was gradually incorporated into the new Hungarian state ; this process is said to have been completed by the end of the 10th century at the latest. In the 11th century, the place became the seat of the new Trenčín County , which stretched over the central Waag valley. Because of its location, the area was disputed between the kingdoms of Hungary, Bohemia and Poland. In 1067 an invasion of Bohemia is mentioned in a document, where the castle was mentioned for the first time.

Matthäus Csák, an important ruler in the early 14th century

The place under the castle was mentioned in writing for the first time in the Zobor documents in 1111 as a Treinchen and served to guard a ford over the Waag. Since the early 13th century it should also have market rights. In 1241 the place was destroyed by the invading Mongols , but they were unable to conquer the castle.

Between 1302 and 1321 the castle was the seat of the Hungarian oligarch Matthäus Csák , who ruled most of today's Slovakia politically and militarily from here for a few years and was its de facto ruler. After Csák's death, the city and the castle were occupied by the royal army. Despite the "hostile" situation, the city was granted several rights in the late Middle Ages: In 1324, citizens were exempted from paying tolls throughout the kingdom. In the 1335 Treaty of Trenčín between Charles of Anjou , King of Hungary , John of Luxembourg , King of Bohemia , and Casimir the Great , King of Poland , Poland renounced Silesia "for all time" in favor of the Kingdom of Bohemia. In 1370 the right to hold a fair was granted, and in 1380 the citizens were given the right to brew beer. But it wasn't until 1412 that King Sigismund of Luxembourg declared Trenčín a free royal city . At the end of the 15th century there were 14 guilds in the city, as well as traders.

The city of Trenčín with the castle around 1700

After the Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the town with the castle became the scene of the struggle for the Hungarian throne: in 1528 the castle defended by the Zápolyas was partly conquered by the troops of Ferdinand I through betrayal and the town was badly damaged . During this time, the Reformation spread in the city , which was reinforced by Bohemian refugees after the Battle of White Mountain in 1620. The Jesuits came in 1647 to counter the Reformation. The city was never conquered by the Turks or their vassals; in 1599 and 1663 they devastated the surrounding area. Trenčín was affected several times by the Hungarian insurgents, such as in 1604 by Stephan Bocskay's army or in 1624 by the insurgents of Gábor Bethlen . Although Emmerich Thököly's rebellion did not reach the city, the greatest burden did not come until 1704, when Franz II Rákóczi's insurgent army controlled the surrounding area, while the imperial forces controlled the city with the castle. The Kuruzzen blockade lasted four years. During this period, hunger spread, and on May 14, 1708 195 houses burned down. On August 3, 1708, the rebels suffered a severe defeat in the battle of Trenčín with the imperial troops and had to resign. This catastrophic period ended with two plague epidemics in 1710 and 1715: in the first, the city lost more than 1000 inhabitants, in the second, “only” 222 people died. After another fire in 1790, the castle burned down next to the city center. In August 1813, on the other hand, there was a great flood in which 44 residents were killed.

From the second half of the 19th century, industry began to develop in the city. At that time it lost its status as a free royal city, but only became a district of Trenčín County. The Waagtalbahn first reached the suburb Istebník at the right bank side of the Waag in 1879, four years later the city itself. Later came rail links to Wlarapass and Neutratal . By the First World War, a distillery, a furniture factory, a factory for the production of explosives (although closed after the First World War) and a factory for wool processing were built. The machine industry in particular developed later. In 1907 the city was electrified. The Austro- Hungarian Army was also present in the city: in 1914 the Hungarian Infantry Regiment “Galgótzy” No. 71 and the Honvéd Infantry Regiment No. 15 were stationed here.

After the break-up of Austria-Hungary , the city was occupied by Czechoslovak troops in early November 1918 (confirmed under international law by the Treaty of Trianon ). The food and clothing industries developed in the interwar period. The military tradition continued in the First Czechoslovak Republic and the First Slovak Republic . During the Second World War, the large Jewish community was almost completely expelled, as were the Czechs. After the outbreak of the Slovak National Uprising until the conquest by the Red Army on 10 April 1945 69 were here partisans from the Gestapo executed .

During the rule of the Communist Party there was strong population growth and prefabricated housing estates were built around the city. However, part of the old town was destroyed. It was not redeveloped until after 1990, and since 1996 the city has again been the seat of a higher administrative area, the Trenčiansky kraj , after it had only been the seat of an okres (district) since 1923 (with the exception of 1940-45) .

Surname

The first sources of evidence from the Middle Ages come from 1111 ( Treinchen ) and 1113 ( Trenciniensis - as an adjective ). Although the etymology is controversial (the name could well come from before the arrival of the Slavs), the prevailing view is that it is a combination of the personal name Trnka or Trenka and the property-indicating ending -ín , according to which Trenčín so much like "(Castle) of Trnka / Trenka" means.

The German and Hungarian forms are derived from the Slovak and are pronounced almost the same as this.

City structure

view on the city

The city is divided into 4 districts with 22 districts as follows:

Stred with the districts Stred mesta ("middle town"), Dolné mesto ("lower town"), Dlhé Hony , Noviny and Biskupice (incorporated in 1964)

Juh with the districts Juh I. and Juh II.

Sever with the districts Sihoť I. , Sihoť II. , Sihoť III. , Sihoť IV. , Opatová (incorporated in 1985), Pod Sokolice , Kubrá (incorporated in 1971) and Kubrica ( incorporated into Kubrá in 1964)

Západ with the districts Zámostie , Kvetná , Istebník ( incorporated into Závažie in 1960, incorporated into Trenčín in 1971), Orechové (incorporated into Závažie in 1960, incorporated into Trenčín in 1971), Zlatovce (incorporated in 1976), Nové Zlatovce and Záblatie (incorporated in 1985)

population

Population numbers
year	Residents	year	Residents
1548	(1,200)	1921	10,000
1696	(1,700)	1930	11,800
1787	4,222	1944	13,647
1804	2,614	1950	13,500
1837	3,326	1961	22,300
1870	3,949	1970	28,700
1880	4,400	1980	47,900
1890	5,100	1991	56,800
1900	5,800	1996	59,000
1910	7,800	2001	57,800

According to the 2011 census, Trenčín had 55,877 inhabitants, of whom 47,618 were Slovaks , 816 Czechs , 120 Moravians , 118 Magyars , 47 Germans , 28 Russians , 27 Poles , 17 Russians, 16 Roma and 10 Ukrainians . 132 inhabitants indicated a different ethnic group and 6,928 inhabitants did not give any information about the ethnic group .

30,297 residents committed to the Roman Catholic Church , 3,039 residents to the Evangelical Church AB , 242 residents to the Greek Catholic Church , 84 residents to the Orthodox Church , 76 residents to the Evangelical Methodist Church, 65 residents to the Pentecostal movement, 57 residents to the Seventh Day Adventists, 56 residents to Jehovah's Witnesses, 47 residents to the Apostolic Church, 37 residents to the Brethren, 34 residents to the Czechoslovak Hussite Church, 32 residents to the Jewish community and 30 residents to the Reformed Church; 477 residents professed a different denomination. 12,522 residents had no denomination and the denomination of 8,782 residents was not determined.

Attractions

View of the city and castle

View from the city to the castle

Hotel Tatras

Hotel Tatra was built in 1901. The original name of the hotel was "Erzsébet" (Elizabeth), after the murdered Empress Elisabeth of Austria . Baron Armin Popper had this hotel built. It opened on January 1, 1902. From the beginning it was part of the social and cultural life of Trenčín. Due to financial problems and his predilection for gambling, Baron Popper lost the Hotel Elisabeth on January 1, 1910. According to stories, before going bankrupt on December 31, 1909, he hosted the biggest New Year's Eve party the hotel has ever seen. In 1919 Tatra Bank bought the hotel. That is why the hotel is called "Tatra" today.

Roman inscription

The Roman inscription dates from winter 179/180. Originally it was located above a trade route. Today it can be found below the terrace of the Tatra Hotel. The fact that the inscription is written in abbreviations makes an exact translation of the text difficult, which is why two versions of the translation exist to this day.

"Victoriae / Augustoru (m) / exercitus qui Lau / garicione sedit mil (ites) / l (egionis) II DCCCLV / [M (arcus) Val (erius) Maximi] anus leg (atus) leg (ionis) II ad (iutricis ) cur (avit) "

“Dedicated to the victorious emperors of 855 soldiers of the 2nd legion of the army stationed near Laugaricio. Erected by order of Marcus Valerius Maximianus, commander of the 2nd Adiutrix Legion. "

The exact assignment of the settlement Laugaricio to Trenčín is still controversial, but the name Laugaricio is generally accepted as the oldest name of the city of Trenčín. According to Rudolf Krajčovič, the name Laugaricio contains information about the nearby thermal springs. The first part of the name of the settlement Laugar has an adjectival form of Germanic origin and means bath / bathe (health resort / thermal springs).

The second Latin-Latin part itio is translated as "a path on foot with a guide at the head". In the military field, it means "to walk a distance with a freer march of a military garrison led by a legate". The first part of the derived name Laugar -icio explains the aim of the occupation, the army: hot thermal springs; a seaside resort that is now called Trenčianske Teplice . The soldiers' goal was a cultic and physical purification of the body, which they found in these nearby thermal springs.

The inscription was rediscovered by the Trenčín pastor and hobby historian Ľudovít Stárek. According to the German historian Theodor Mommsen , the authenticity of the inscription was initially controversial.

In 1955, the authenticity of the inscription was confirmed by an archaeological find: In the ancient Diana Veteranorum , today Zana in Algeria , the base of a statue with an inscription was found, in which the life of Marcus Valerius Maximianus , the legate of the Second Auxiliary Legion, is to be read. The name Laugaricio is also mentioned there.

City hangman's house

The renaissance town house (it existed as a stone house probably as early as 1607) is the only surviving structure of its kind in Trenčín. The house remained untouched by major renovations. It represents a characteristic bourgeois building. A covered walkway ran along the four sides of the outer wall of the first floor. In the house there were living rooms, an economic part, commercial rooms and a black kitchen.

The hangman's house or the hangman's house, as its traditional name suggests, is historically, but also through city tradition, associated with the execution of justice and the prison. To what extent this connection is correct is not exactly clear. According to various sources, the town henchman lived here at the end of the 19th century and there was temporarily a dungeon. Some evidence suggests that it actually served as a residence for the city hangman in the 16th to 17th centuries.

The execution of the city law and the form of the judgment were in the hands of the Vogt and the city magistrate, whose task was to maintain the so-called city peace. Due to the mandate of Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg from 1421, however, noble persons were no longer to be judged by the city courts, but by the regional courts. The Vogt and the city council had judicial powers. Smaller cases were discussed at the meetings of the magistrate (smaller part of the inner city council), the bailiff dealt with the larger cases with two or three selected members of the Senate at the special sessions that took place on Wednesdays or Thursdays. The city captain, who usually acted as the plaintiff in these cases, also took part in the court hearings that concerned the disruption of public order or city security.

In addition to the mayor, jurisdiction was also exercised by the sub-clan of the Trenčín district and, in later times, the bailiff or the captain. The male members of the Illésházy family , like Pálffy, were given the right of the sword, and thus the authority to judge the subjects over their property, which meant that they could make decisions about the life or death of the condemned. The head of the town bailiffs (Büttel) and the guards was the town's chief captain. Trenčín had two captains from time to time, who were paid 20 to 30 guilders a year in the 16th to 17th centuries. In addition to the main captain, his deputy (vice-captain) or two captains, one for the inner city and another for the suburbs, were elected from time to time. The city office of the lieutenant (Hadnaď) developed from the function of vice-captain, which developed into the executive body of the chief captain and from the end of the 18th century also exercised the function of commander of the city guards. The largest group of security personnel were the town bailiffs, the guards at the town gates and the detectors.

In 1849 the Gaubüttel were replaced by gendarmes who were then responsible for security. These were withdrawn after the Austro-Hungarian compromise, but returned in December 1883. After the decision on the dissolution of the military garrison in the city and in the castle in 1779 during the reign of Emperor Joseph II, the final departure of the soldiers was only realized in 1783. After that, a large military city guard took care of B. in 1808 consisted of 170 men to ensure security.

The Marienburg

Marienburg Fortress is located on a mountain that rises above the city. The center of it is the parish church , then the nearby Karner of St. Michael , the parish , the former school or the house of the Regenschori . On the south side, the Marienburg adjoins the city's only preserved city wall. The construction of the city fortifications began after 1412. Later, a wall over 20 meters high and secured by pillars was built below the Marienburg. This western wall is very visible from the city center.

In 1568 the parish stairs were mentioned, which served the city garrison as a connection from the city to Marienburg. This enabled the soldiers to reach the Marienburg faster and protect the city from there and the nearby city fortifications. At that time there was an armory on the Marienburg; from there you could reach a castle wall over 200 meters long.

The Parish Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary

This church was mentioned for the first time in 1324, but presumably it was built as the oldest stone structure of the Marienburg in the 13th century. Unfortunately, the city archive was destroyed in the 14th century.

In the summer of 2007 archaeological investigations were carried out around the church. A pillar and the foundation wall of the old church were found. Around the church was an older cemetery from the 14th century. Most of the graves were destroyed during the expansion of the new church in the 15th century and the bones were brought to the Karner . In the 15th century - after the great work on the castle - the church was adapted to the Gothic style.

When the city of Trenčín was besieged by General Katzianer in 1528 , the entire church fell victim to a great fire. For a long time the townspeople could not renovate the church; therefore the daily masses were held in nearby Karner and on important holidays in the ruins of the church.

It was not until 1553–1560 that the church was renovated and expanded under the direction of the Italian masters Sebastian and Bussi. Then it took on its present form.

At the end of August 1610, the castle owner Gaspar Illesházy appeared in the parish church; he forcibly pushed through the conversion of the church into a Protestant church. The Catholic pastor had to leave the church and was replaced by a Protestant. Seventy years later, however, his son Georg Illeshazy reversed this measure.

The Illeshazy took possession of a side chapel under their patronage and made it their family chapel and crypt. Evidence of this are the marble tomb of Gaspar Illeshazy from the years 1641–50 and the tomb of Josef, erected by Ludwig Gode, a student of Georg Rafael Donner. He worked at the chapel in the years 1751–1753. In addition to the tomb and the tin portrait bust of Josef Illeshazy, he also worked on the altar of the crucified Christ and on the entrance gate to the chapel.

The church burned down in the last major city fire in 1886. At the beginning of the 20th century it was renovated; the church tower was raised and the church received new glass windows and frescoes. Only the classicist benches, rococo chandeliers and a baroque organ cabinet have been preserved from the original furnishings. The main altar dates from 1912, only the two wooden statues of St. Remigius and St. Leonhard are late Gothic. At the entrance is the oldest grave slab in the Waag area, that of Martin Zima from 1498.

In the treasury of the church there is a valuable monstrance from the 14th century, which the Bohemian King Charles IV gave to the Hungarian King Louis I the Great of Anjou at a meeting at the castle. He gave the monstrance to the parish church.

The charnel house of St. Michael

Apart from the castle, the Karner is the only essentially undamaged Gothic building in Trenčín. It was built in the second third of the 15th century as an ossuary near the parish church. The back wall of the Karner lies against the city wall. At the beginning of the 16th century, today's ground floor was built, which after the fire in 1528 served as a chapel for a certain time. In the years 1529–1530, the city bills mentioned expenses that were spent on the renovation of the Karner. Until the parish church was renovated, it was used to hold church services for the time being. In 1560, in connection with the Turkish threat, the Karner was converted into the city armory (with a metal casting device in the basement). The buildings later fell into disrepair. After its reconstruction in 1973–1989, the Trenčín Museum managed the building. A collection of sacred art from the collections of the Trenčín Museum is shown on an area of around 70 m². This small collection offers a cross-section through the fragments of the altar complex. The first part of the so-called “Podlužany” altar depicts the “Descent from the Cross”. A Madonna with the Child Jesus with original polychromy and a beautiful Madonna in the typical Gothic composition come from the workshop of Austrian (or German) masters and give a testimony the quality of the original assemblies of the altars. A figure or the torso of St. Elisabeth of Hungary (of Thuringia) is very impressive.

In the niches opposite the main entrance there are several fragments of sacred architecture - statues of gilded angels ( putti ) and several statues of saints dating from the 17th to 18th centuries. The altarpiece of St. Martin represents the patron saint of the poor, beggars, travelers, refugees and prisoners.

Sports

FK AS Trenčín (soccer)
HK Dukla Trenčín (ice hockey)

economy

The machine tool manufacturer TRENS SK , which is the largest company in its branch in Slovakia, has its headquarters in Trenčín . The German rope manufacturer Gleistein from Bremen also has a production site in Trenčín. In 2014 Gleistein employed 85 people at this location.

traffic

Railway: Station on the double- track Bratislava – Žilina line , also the end point of the Chynorany – Trenčín line . Local trains to Chynorany , Horné Srnie , Nové Mesto nad Váhom , Púchov , Topoľčany and Žilina . Express or IC trains to Bratislava, Humenné , Košice , Martin and Žilina, and from March 5, 2016, a direct connection to Prague operated by Arriva on weekends .

Other stops are Zlatovce on the right bank of the Váh, Opatová nad Váhom and Trenčín predmestie.

Road: is located directly on the 1st order road 61 , which leads from Bratislava to the north of Slovakia, and on the 2nd order road 507. Connection to the D1 motorway (Bratislava – Žilina) at the Trenčín junction, 5 km from the city center away. South of the city is the west-east road 1st order 9 , which connects the Czech border with the Ukrainian border via the Slovakian south. After a long wait, the second road bridge over the Waag, southwest of the city center, was opened to traffic on March 26, 2015. It thus relieves the almost dilapidated road bridge near the center.
Public transport: bus transport only. The operator is SAD Trenčín, as and there are currently (as of June 2011) 27 bus routes in use.
Other: non-public Trenčín airport in the Biskupice district with a 2000 m runway. Since 2004 the location of the summer festival Pohoda , held in the city since 1997.

Town twinning

France Cran-Gevrier ( France )
Czech Republic Uherské Hradiště ( Czech Republic )
Czech Republic Zlín ( Czech Republic )
Poland Tarnów ( Poland )
Italy Casalecchio di Reno ( Italy )
Hungary Békéscsaba ( Hungary )
Serbia Kragujevac ( Serbia )

sons and daughters of the town

Oskar Hentschel (1926–2019), German classical philologist
Paul Adami (1739–1814), Austrian university professor for veterinary medicine
Danka Barteková (* 1984), marksman
Mária Bátorová (* 1950), Slovak literary historian and writer
Miloš Brezinský (* 1984), football player
Irena Brežná (* 1950), Slovak-Swiss writer, publicist and war journalist
Andrea Čajová (* 1981), opera singer
Zdeno Chára (born 1977), ice hockey player
Marián Chovanec (* 1957), Bishop of Banská Bystrica
Ivan Engler (* 1931), Slovak-Austrian surgeon and writer
Marián Gáborík (* 1982), ice hockey player
Miroslav Hlinka (1972–2014), ice hockey player
Matej Krajčík (* 1978), football player
Frank Kuruc (* 1961), German jazz musician
Miroslav Lipták (* 1968), Czechoslovak cyclist
Stanislav Lobotka (* 1994), football player
Kristína Ludíková (* 1988), Czech badminton player
Róbert Mazáň (* 1994), football player
Ján Plachetka (* 1945), Slovak chess master
Ján Svorada (* 1968), Czech cyclist
Vojtech Zamarovský (1919–2006), Czechoslovak historian, writer and translator

Trivia

In March 2011 it was reported that a new swimming pool was completed in Trenčín for EUR 7.5 million - but without a water connection, and without connections to the gas supply and sewerage. However, there was not enough money for the missing connections.

Web links

Commons : Trenčín - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

http://www.trencin.sk/ Official website of the city (Slovak, English, German)
Historical photographs 1918 (Bernd Nasner Collection)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c História mesta Trenčín , trencin.sk, accessed on June 27, 2011

↑ Lacika, J., “Trenčín and its environs”, p. 20

↑ Lacika, J., “Trenčín and its environs”, p. 21

↑ Lacika, J., “Trenčín and its environs”, p. 25

↑ Lacika, J., “Trenčín and its environs”, p. 27

↑ ^a ^b ^c História v dátach a číslach , trencin.sk, accessed on June 27, 2011

↑ Historical demographic data - populstat.info

↑ Results of the 2011 census (Slovak)

↑ CIL 3, 13439

↑ Production is running at the new location in Trencin

↑ PDF at www.zsr.sk ( Memento of the original from July 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zsr.sk
↑ http://byznys.lidovky.cz/vlak-do-trencina-zaplnime-jeste-letos-tam-budeme-v-zisku-veri-sef-arrivy-1ah-/doprava.aspx?c=A160216_172928_ln-doprava_pave ( Czech), from February 17, 2016; accessed on February 20, 2016
↑ Trenčín sa dočkal historického momentu. Pozrite sa, ako vyzerá nový most , hnonline.sk (Slovak), accessed on March 26, 2015
↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 31, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ SPIEGEL Online - Bad planning: Slovaks build swimming pools without a water connection . Article dated March 1, 2011, accessed August 3, 2013.

[historia-1] História mesta Trenčín , trencin.sk, accessed on June 27, 2011

[2] Lacika, J., “Trenčín and its environs”, p. 20

[3] Lacika, J., “Trenčín and its environs”, p. 21

[4] Lacika, J., “Trenčín and its environs”, p. 25

[5] Lacika, J., “Trenčín and its environs”, p. 27

[data-6] História v dátach a číslach , trencin.sk, accessed on June 27, 2011

[7] Historical demographic data - populstat.info

[8] Results of the 2011 census (Slovak)

[9] CIL 3, 13439

[10] Production is running at the new location in Trencin