Brush ties
The brush binder is a traditional craft for the production of brushes , brooms and paint brushes . There has been an apprenticeship as a brush maker in Germany since 1984. Due to the industrial production of brushes, this craft is one of the "dying out" crafts (compare also broom-makers ).
Development of the craft
The oldest brushes consisted of simple bundles of fibers that were tied into a brush and sometimes provided with a handle, roughly the way that brush brooms are still made today. The name brush binder comes from this production method. Early paintbrushes from the Stone Age had a setting made from animal bones, such as those found in the Altamira cave. During his excavations in Troy, Heinrich Schliemann found clay bodies with holes pierced to accommodate bristles. So these early brushes are similar to today's retracted brushes, except that different materials were used. The Chinese are said to have used brushes for personal hygiene and toothbrushes as early as 2000 BC. Have known. The brush binder of the Middle Ages had an assortment of coarse brushes, fine brushes for personal hygiene, brooms and, according to today's understanding, large brushes for various purposes.
Markus A. Denzel describes the brush production as a differentiation of the woodworking and hornworking professions that occurred in cities and markets and had to be sold by peddlers and at fairs in order to reach larger sales markets. Brush makers or brush binders as a separate craft are documented from around the year 1400. The first brush makers' guild was established in Nuremberg in 1550 and a brush binder regulation in 1552 that regulated how one could become a master in this subject . Christoph Weigel the Elder describes the following types of brushes in his Ständebuch from 1698: Garment or clothing brushes, rubbing brushes, head brushes, shoe brushes, scraping brushes, floor brushes; pig bristles are named as trimmings, which the brush maker himself prepares and sometimes sells. Designated businesses were still rare, but a large number of do-it-yourselfers is believed to be responsible for the products, especially in rural areas.
While painting brushes are often used by painters, e.g. B. by the medieval miniature painters or their assistants, made themselves as required and set in goose quills and remained manual work for a long time, machines were used for brush production in England early on. Mostly it was developments by the brush makers themselves, e.g. B. multi-spindle drills to drill the holes in the brush body and clippers to cut the trim to an even length. Towards the end of the 19th century there were already the first tamping machines for "punched brushes". Although the term “punched” is actually wrong, this term has caught on. The tufts of these punched brushes fell out relatively quickly, so that machine goods were considered inferior. The manual feed, in which each fiber bundle is individually drawn into conical holes with a wire, was still important for a long time and even today high-quality goods and luxury designs are still drawn in to a small extent by hand. The mechanical brush production is so advanced today that stamped brushes are of high quality and durability and can be produced inexpensively in large numbers. The profession of brush making has lost a lot of its importance, and due to the high requirements and the small numbers of items, a large part of the brush making is still handicraft. There are now new tasks for brush makers in the field of diverse technical brushes .
In the past, blind and visually impaired people, especially disabled people, were often trained to be brush makers.
Details on the different types of brushes, their structure and manufacture
Vocational training as a brush maker
The brush maker is a state-recognized training occupation according to the German Vocational Training Act and the German Crafts Code .
The duration of training to become a brush maker is usually three years. The training takes place at the training company and vocational school . The profession has two disciplines: brush manufacturing and brush manufacturing. In Germany there is only one vocational school for this, the state school in Bechhofen (Middle Franconia) in Bavaria, a branch of the Rothenburg / Dinkelsbühl vocational school.
Brush and paint brush makers make brushes and paint brushes from wood and plastic . They use mechanical, electrical, pneumatic and hydraulic machines to make the brushes from previously made individual parts. You set up production machines, operate them and carry out maintenance work . In the brush manufacturing department, they learn to manufacture fine brushes, turned and punched brushes. In the brush making department, they learn to differentiate between fine hair, imitations and mixtures and how to make quality brushes. You assemble brushes by stalking and pressing. Brush makers and paintbrush makers work in businesses in the trade and industry that produce brushes and brooms.
Activities assigned to the brush binder
The brushmaker's profession originally included the manufacture of wooden brush bodies. Today most brush manufacturers purchase industrially prefabricated products, especially bodies made of beech wood or plastic. The dressing of the raw material e.g. B. bristles from pig slaughter or wild boar hunting used to be the task of the brush binder and are now outsourced to special operations. Various animal hairs are also prepared for brushes. Matted raw material is first loosened and washed by grinding, then bleached. The usable bristles are sorted out, bundled, boiled and dried, sometimes also colored. This process makes the bristles hygienically perfect on the one hand and straight on the other. During the subsequent rubbing, the raw material is leveled so that the tips and heads lie next to one another, which is important for brushes. For brushes, the goods do not necessarily have to be equal. When plucking lengthways, the longest bristles or hairs are sorted out in several passes, so that in steps of 5 mm the result is a trim material sorted by length. A 50 pluck is a material that is between 50 mm and 55 mm long. Both bristles and plant fibers or synthetic materials can still be slit by working on the material with needles. When mixing, trim materials with different properties are mixed, so that a uniformly mixed and homogeneously colored material results. The task of dressing used to be a time-consuming manual work; today it is done mechanically by specialized dressing companies. A large part of the pig bristles processed today is already imported ready-made. Goods from China are traded as China bristles , Indian goods under the name Calcutta . Synthetic materials can also be used for the production of brushes, so that overall the number and importance of dressing companies has decreased.
Trivia
Theodor Fontane's fictional character Jenny Treibel is a "born brushbinder".
literature
- Christoph Weigel the Elder : Illustration of the non-profit main stands: of which Regenten u. their servants assigned in times of peace and war to biss on all artists and the like. Handwercker… Verlag Christoph Weigel d. Ä., Nürnberg 1698. pp. 587-589.
- Ernst Bock: Brushes and Paintbrushes; The diverse products of the brush and paintbrush making trade and their most important components. Bechhofen 1983.
Web links
- Further information from the employment agency . Retrieved October 12, 2010.
- Website of the vocational school for brush and paintbrush makers in Rothenburg odT . Retrieved October 12, 2010.
Individual evidence
- ↑ brushing . Adressennet, accessed on April 6, 2014.
- ↑ Kirsten Ulrike Maaß: A brush maker in the 20th century in a Westphalian middle town. Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the Philosophical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University in Münster (Westphalia), 2003.
- ↑ Bock: Brushes and Paintbrushes. P. 77.
- ↑ Bock: Brushes and Paintbrushes. P. 18.
- ↑ a b Markus A. Denzel: Professions and professionals: the Dachsberg folk description in the Electorate of Baiern (1771–1781). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-515-07244-6 , p. 77 ff.
- ↑ Bock: Brushes and Paintbrushes. P. 85.
- ↑ Christoph Weigel: Stand book p. 588 .
- ↑ Bock: Brushes and Paintbrushes. P. 79.
- ↑ Bock: Brushes and Paintbrushes. P. 80.
- ↑ http://info.blindenwaren.eu/53429197151093102/index.html
- ↑ Ordinance on professional training for brush and paintbrush makers (Brush and Brush Maker Training Ordinance - BürstPiAusbV) ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 59 kB) Training regulations for brush and paintbrush makers on juris. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
- ↑ Framework curriculum of the KMK for brush and paintbrush makers. Retrieved on October 12, 2010 ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 502 kB).
- ↑ Bock: Brushes and Paintbrushes. Pp. 117-118.
