Baden article

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The Baden Articles of January 27, 1834 were resolutions of the liberal cantons of Switzerland , with which the Roman Catholic Church should be placed largely under state supervision. The resolutions aroused fierce opposition in conservative Catholic circles. They are named after their place of origin in Baden in the canton of Aargau .

The liberal government of the canton of Lucerne invited to a conference in Baden at the end of December 1833 to reorganize the relationship between church and state. The cantons that belonged to the dioceses of Basel , St. Gallen and Chur were invited . The conference lasted from January 20-27, 1834 and agreed on the text of an official announcement on the last day of the conference.

First, the Holy See was asked to elevate the diocese of Basel to an archdiocese . The remaining 14 resolutions formed the actual Baden articles: demands were greater independence of the clergy from the Pope , state control over the church, seminaries and orders, the taxation of monasteries, the admission of confessional mixed marriages and a restriction on non-working church holidays.

Liberal and Conservative Cantons 1830–1833

The Baden articles were only used in the liberal cantons of Aargau , Basel-Landschaft , Bern , Lucerne , St. Gallen , Thurgau and Zurich . Priests who defied the articles and did not swear allegiance to the government were imprisoned, fined or dismissed.

The Baden article provoked violent criticism in conservative Catholic circles and Pope Gregory XVI. condemned them sharply on May 17, 1835 in the encyclical Commissum divinitus . In those Catholic cantons that were ruled by conservative forces, "defense associations" were formed. France and Austria also demanded that the articles be withdrawn. The conflict intensified in 1841 when the Aargau government had all monasteries abolished (→ Aargauer Klosterstreit ). These two events finally led to the Sonderbund War in 1847 .

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