Bale
As a bales ( torus ) refers hairless, raised areas of the skin on the limbs peaks of a cushion of thickened subcutis are underlain or muscles. Different bales are distinguished according to their location:
- The balls of the fingers or toes ( Tori digitales ) lie at the base of the metatarsophalangeal joints of the fingers and toes .
- The ball of the hand or sole ( torus metacarpeus or metatarseus ) lies in the area of the metacarpal or metatarsus . In humans, it is divided into thenar and hypothenar on the hand . In horses it is called “spur” ( calcar metacarpeum or calcar metatarseum ).
- The carpal or Fußwurzelballen ( torus carpeus or tarseus ) is above the hand or ankle . It is not trained in humans, in horses it is rudimentary and is called " chestnut ".
The epidermis of the pads is heavily cornified, with only flat horn cells layered on top of each other or, in the case of the toe pads of the hoof ( torus ungulae ) and claw , tubular structures are formed. In many mammals sweat glands are found in the subcutaneous tissue and dermis of the pads .
The hyperkeratosis of the bunion is an inherited rare disease in some breeds. In dogs with split paw pad disease , the upper layers of the epidermis become detached. Occasionally, cats have a condition that causes the pads of the pads to swell up called plasma cell pododermatitis .
literature
- H. Geyer: outer skin, integumentum commune. In: Franz-Viktor Salomon et al. (Hrsg.): Anatomie für die Tiermedizin. Enke, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8304-1007-7 , pp. 633-677.