Beard lichen bark tensioner
| Beard lichen bark tensioner | ||||||||||||
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Alcis jubata , female |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Alcis jubata | ||||||||||||
| ( Thunberg , 1788) |
The alcis jubata ( Alcis jubata ), also Whitish lichens tensioner , bark lichen tensioner or lichen-type tensioner called, is a butterfly ( moth ) from the family of the tensioner (Geometridae).
features
butterfly
The male moths have a wingspan of 25 to 30 millimeters (23 to 28 millimeters), the females of 28 millimeters. The front wings of males and females are whitish to whitish gray in the basic color. Inner and outer transverse lines are wavy, often thickened like knots in the course. The center line, on the other hand, is only indicated by slightly elongated black-brown points and partly by a very faint line. The black discal spot and a black costal spot at the front end of the outer transverse line are very clear. Further, mostly not so sharply delimited spots are formed in the apical area of the border area. Occasionally the subterminal line and the wavy line are indicated at least in the front wing half. A seam line is usually present on both the forewings and hind wings. There is a clear midline on the hind wings, as well as a discal spot. Fore and hind wings are more or less darkly dusted. Therefore, some specimens appear very dark.
The males have sawtooth-like antennae, the females have thread-like antennae.
Egg, caterpillar and pupa
The yellow-green egg is elongated oval and has an irregular, fine, net-shaped surface.
The whitish green caterpillar has a broken black back line and broken black side back lines. The side spots are also black.
The slender, yellow-brown doll has a pointed cremaster with two long thorns.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The species occurs from the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles in the west across Central Europe and northern southern Europe, the northern Balkan Peninsula , Russia , Siberia to the Amur region . In the north the distribution area extends to central Fennoscandia . On the Kuriles , Sakhalin and Japan the nominate subspecies is derived from the ssp. melanonota Prout, 1930. Although the species has a very large area, it is always rare and very local.
The species lives in forests, mainly in older humid mountain forests with rich beard lichens. It rises up to 1,600 meters in the Alps.
Way of life
The bearded lichen pens form one generation per year, the moths of which fly from late June to early August (to early September).
The moths are nocturnal and come to light, albeit sparsely. During the day they rest in branches or sit on trunks with lichen growth. You also come to the bait. The eggs are attached individually or in small groups of up to 12 pieces to the stems of the beard lichen. The eggs stick so tightly to the branches that they stay there even after the caterpillars hatch. A total of around 200 eggs are laid. The little caterpillar hatches about two weeks after the eggs are laid. It grows very slowly and sheds its skin two to three times before winter begins. Before wintering, it is only 6 to 8 millimeters long. In early spring it comes out of its hiding place in the tufts of beard lichen. However, when cold weather sets in, she retreats into her hiding place. In the further course of spring and early summer it only grows slowly and did not mature until the end of June or the beginning of July. The caterpillar development takes a total of almost 11 months, the other three stages only take about one month. The caterpillar feeds on beard lichens ( Usnea dasypoga or common tree beard ( Usnea filipendula ),) which prefer to grow on spruce, fir and pine. For Brandenburg, Usnea barbata and Pseudevernia prunastri were mainly given as caterpillars in an older study . Skou still indicates Alectoria . Pupation takes place in the tufts of beard lichen in a loose web.
Systematics and taxonomy
The species was first scientifically described in 1788 by Carl Peter Thunberg as Phalaena jubata . The type locality is in Germany. The species was later frequently added to the genus Boarmia Treitschke, 1825 (see e.g.). Today it is classified in the genus Alcis Curtis 1826.
The drawing varies little. Leraut (2009) therefore distinguishes only one form: smoke-gray specimens are called form f. obscura fox, 1875 inscribed.
Danger
In Germany, the beard lichen cortex is considered to be threatened with extinction. The situation is somewhat different in the individual federal states. The species is considered to be extinct or lost in Saxony, Thuringia, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, in Bavaria as critically endangered (category 2) and in Baden-Württemberg as endangered (category 3). According to Ebert, the species is also threatened with extinction in Baden-Württemberg.
swell
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Karl Eckstein: The butterflies of Germany, 4th volume, The tensioners and the bear-like butterflies. KG Lutz Verlag, Stuttgart, 1923 (p. 49)
- ↑ a b Red Lists at science4you.org
- ↑ a b Peder Skou: The geometroid moths of North Europe (Lepidoptera, Drepanidae and Geometridae). 348 S., Leiden, Brill, 1986 online at GoogleBooks
- ↑ a b c Leraut (2009: p. 177)
- ↑ a b c d Forster & Wohlfahrt (1973: p. 249)
- ↑ a b Manfred Koch , Wolfgang Heinicke, Bernd Müller: We determine butterflies. Volume 4: Spanner. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. Neumann, Leipzig / Radebeul 1976, DNB 780451570 , p. 237.
- ↑ Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 5/2: Spanner. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1955, DNB 450378411 , pp. 905-906.
- ↑ a b c Ebert et al. (2003: pp. 479–482)
- ^ Carl Peter Thunberg: DD Museum Naturalium Academiae Upsaliensis 6 : 69-84, 1 pl. Uppsala 1788 Online on Google Books (p. 75)
- ^ Ole Karsholt and Ebbe Schmidt Nielsen: The Lepidoptera described by CP Thunberg. Entomologica Scandinavica, 16: 433-463, Copenhagen 1986 doi : 10.1163 / 187631285X00388
literature
- Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 9 (Spanner (Geometridae) 2nd part), Nachtfalter VII. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3279-6 .
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
- Patrice Leraut: Geometrid moths . In: Moths of Europe . 1st edition. Volume II. NAP Editions, 2009, ISBN 978-2-913688-09-4 (English).
