Capnodis cariosa
| Capnodis cariosa | ||||||||||||
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Capnodis cariosa |
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| Capnodis cariosa | ||||||||||||
| ( Pallas , 1776) |
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Capnodis cariosa is a beetle from the family of jewel beetle and the subfamily of Chrysochroinae . With a length of 26 to 34 millimeters, it is one of the largest European jewel beetles. Itcan appear as a pestin pistachio crops.
Comments on the name and system
The species was first described by Pallas in 1776 as Buprestis cariosa . The species name cariōsa means rotten after Schenkling , staying in rotten wood . Pallas mentions in his description that the beetle occurs in the Mongolian sand desert near blooming wig bushes . So the name may refer to shrubs that are drying up. Pallas, however, uses the word cariosa directly in his Latin description of the beetle: Elytra obtusa, ..., sparsisque lituris albido cariosis, ... ( Latin : matted wing covers, ..., and lightly sprinkled with dying spots ..). It can therefore be assumed that the specimen refers to the mottling of the wing covers.
The genus Buprestis was broken down into many genera by Eschscholtz in 1829. The genus Capnodis includes the species whose shield is rounded at the back and whose last tarsal link is wider than it is long.
The generic name Capnodis is from Altgr. καπνώδης kapnōdes, derived from smoky and means of dark color, dusted gray .
The genus Capnodis is represented by six species in Europe and eighteen species worldwide.
Description of the beetle
The head is broad with large, sideways eyes . The eleven-part feelers are widened inwards from the fifth part (sawn). The upper lip is broadly square. The upper jaws are kinked and bent (Fig. 2) and have two teeth. The last two links of the jaw probe are spherical to ovoid. The end link of the lip switch is also spherical.
The pronotum is significantly wider than it is long and widened laterally in a heart-shaped manner. For the most part, like the top of the head, it is densely and roughly dotted . The dots are filled with a chalky substance so that the dotted areas appear white. Such dotted white fields also occur irregularly on the wing covers . Bare, smooth, matt black surfaces (mirror spots) rise above the dense puncture of the pronotum. In Capnodis cariosa, these give the impression of the step seal of a three-toed paw, which is framed with six round mirror spots on the sides and in front (Fig. 5). In contrast to the similar species Capnodis tenebrionis, there are three large, rounded mirror spots at the base of the elytra. The middle of these encloses the deep horseshoe-shaped dimple which is characteristic of the genus and which lies on the pronotum base in front of the label (Fig. 4). It can be seen more clearly in Capnodis cariosa than in Capnodis tenebrionis .
The elytra are longitudinally striped by rows of punctures. Outside the white areas, they are finely wrinkled across. At the base they are together narrower than the pronotum. At the beginning they hardly narrow towards the rear, then more, and end in a truncated extension. The tiny round label is embedded in a recess on the inside of the base of the two wing covers (Fig. 4).
As with all jewel beetles, the front hip cavities are open at the back, the spherical front hips (Fig. 6, right green) are separated by a broad extension of the roughly punctured front breast (Prosternal extension). The middle hips (Fig. 6, right orange) are also spherical and separated by an approximately equally wide forward extension of the rear chest. The rear hips (picture 6, right ocher) adjoin the finer and more scattered dotted rear breast and are hollowed out at the back to partially accommodate the rear thighs. Only small parts of the poorly developed mid-breast are visible. The legs are strong, all tarsi broad and five-limbed (tarsi formula 5-5-5). All of the tarsi are roughly the same size, the middle ones are lobed below.
Occurrence
The beetle lives mainly on pistachios and can be harmful in plantations. It is native to south-eastern Europe, but it can be assumed that it adapts its spread to the expanded pistachio growing areas.
Way of life
The beetles love warmth. They only become active from a certain temperature. The minimum temperature specified for flight activity is 30 to 45 ° C. The greatest flight performance was measured at 53.6 meters and a flight duration of 50.7 seconds. Of course, this does not exclude the possibility that the beetle cannot cover much longer distances in search of suitable breeding trees.
The females lay an average of 250 eggs. The eggs are laid in May and mainly in June. Depending on the temperature, the larvae hatch seven to sixteen days later. The hairy larvae penetrate the space between the bark and wood and eat there. They later penetrate the wood and eat passages in the roots and main branches. The first pupae are found in the third week of June, the beetles hatch from July to November.
In addition to feeding on the larvae, the beetle also damages the pistachios by the fact that the adult animal eats buds and young plant shoots. Natural enemies are not known.
supporting documents
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Nomenclator coleopterologus 2nd edition Jena 1922 Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species) in short form
- ^ A b PS Pallas: Journey through various provinces of the Russian Empire. Third part of the year 1772, and 1773 in the 1773th year 3rd part, 2nd book London 1634, page 258: 708
- ↑ Friedrich Eschscholtz: Zoological Atlas…. 1st issue. Berlin 1829 Division of Buprestis p. 8
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Nomenclator coleopterologus 2nd edition Jena 1922 Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus) in short form
- ↑ Capnodis at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved March 25, 2013
- ↑ Species of the genus Capnodis at BioLib
- ^ Heinz Joy, Karl Wilhelm Harde, Gustav Adolf Lohse: Die Käfer Mitteleuropas . tape 6 : Diversicornia . Spectrum, Heidelberg 1979, ISBN 3-87263-027-X .
- ^ Carl Gustav Calwer and Gustav Jäger (eds.): CG Calwer's Käferbuch . K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3rd edition
- ↑ Flight behavior of Capnodis ( Memento of the original dated November 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Time of development ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ E. Yanık, A. Yücel: The pistachio (P. vera L.) pests, their population development and damage state in _anliurfa province. Plant Protection Department, Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture, 63200 _anlıurfa, Turkey (PDF; 181 kB)
