Chorthippus
| Chorthippus | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
_brunneus_brunneus.jpg)
Chorthippus brunneus |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Chorthippus | ||||||||||||
| Fever , 1852 |
Chorthippus is a species-rich genus of field locusts. More than 230 species are currently assigned to the genus.
features
The species of the genus are field locusts with a short head that is somewhat pointed in profile. When viewed from above, the apex (vertex) tapering to a point extends slightly forward between the antennae bases (called fastigium). Two distinct, rectangular pits (Foveolae) are formed on the apex edge. The antennae are thread-like in both sexes, only in the female in some species slightly broadened at the base, and relatively long. The saddle-shaped pronotum has a clear central keel, which is interrupted approximately in its middle by a depression, this can be in or just in front of or behind the middle. There are two distinct side keels, depending on the species, they are almost parallel, slightly widened backwards or bent at an angle: somewhat narrowed in the middle and then suddenly widened strongly backwards. The posterior margin of the pronotum is obtuse and not extended backwards. There is no cone or tubercle between the mid-hips. Fore and hind wings are either fully developed and reach behind the tip of the abdomen (animals capable of flying) or, in some individuals or species, more or less shortened (brachypter). The front edge of the forewings ( Tegmina ) is widened somewhat undulating in front of the marginal vein (Costa) into a small but clear precostal field (this is very rarely missing in the females of some genera). In some, but not all species, the costal, subcostal or medial field in the forewing of the males can be significantly expanded. The hind wings are glass-like transparent (hyaline), with a few species slightly darkened outside. The openings of the tympanic organ on the first tergite of the abdomen can be narrowed broadly oval to almost slit-shaped. The cerci are short and conical, rounded at the tip. The valves of the reshaped female ovipositor are never externally toothed.
The genus can only be differentiated from the related genera on one single feature: the wavy, widened front edge of the forewings (precostal field).
distribution
The genus inhabits a huge area that includes all of Europe from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, part of North Africa and almost all of Asia, east to Japan. It has its main distribution center in the Palearctic , but occurs south to tropical India. A single species, Chorthippus curtipennis , lives in North America.
Phylogeny and Taxonomy
The genus is most likely paraphyletic . It can hardly be differentiated morphologically compared to the related genera, or almost only negatively (based on missing features). Even in none of the molecular studies (based on homologous DNA sequences) could their monophyly be made likely. The genus is therefore, depending on the study, paraphyletic compared to the genera Stauroderus and Aeropus , and partly also compared to others such as Omocestus . The conventional sub-genera (see below) would therefore probably not be monophyletic units. This could also be confirmed in morphological studies.
Numerous authors have made suggestions to break down the genre. A suggestion by Sergey Storozhenko, the subgenus Glyptobothrus and Chorthippus s. st. Upgrading to genera (including Altichorthippus ) was hardly followed because of the problems mentioned. A more recent suggestion to separate the species group around the American Chorthippus curtipennis and the European Chorthippus parallelus and Chorthippus montanus into a separate genus Pseudochorthippus have so far only been followed by a few. Most authors so far prefer to let the genre exist until a comprehensive revision is made.
Some groups of species of Chorthippus are extremely similar in morphology and can best be differentiated by the chants of the males. Recently, some new species have even been described from southern Europe, which are based almost entirely on such differences in song.
The genus is often divided into the following sub-genera. However, it is very likely that these are not monophyletic units:
- Subgenus Chorthippus s. st. Pronotum-side keels straight, in Central Europe, for example:
- White-rimmed grasshopper ( Chorthippus albomarginatus )
- Meadow grasshopper ( Chorthippus dorsatus )
- Marsh grasshopper ( Chorthippus montanus ), (also referred to as Pseudochorthippus )
- Common grasshopper ( Chorthippus parallelus ) (also referred to as Pseudochorthippus )
- Subgenus Altichorthippus . The pronotum lateral keels indistinct or interrupted in the middle. Brachyptere species. Distribution: East Asia.
- Subgenus Glyptobothrus . Pronotum-side keels bent at an angle, in Central Europe, for example:
- Field grasshopper ( Chorthippus apricarius )
- Steppe grasshopper ( Chorthippus vagans )
- Gravel bar grasshopper ( Chorthippus pullus )
- Nightingale grasshopper ( Chorthippus biguttulus )
- Brown grasshopper ( Chorthippus brunneus )
- Misjudged grasshopper ( Chorthippus mollis )
The former subgenus Megaulacobothrus (from East Asia) is now predominantly regarded as an independent genus.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0 / 5.0)
- ↑ Guangming Huo, Guofang Jiang, Zhengli Sun, Dianfeng Liu, Yalin Zhang, Lin Lu (2007): Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Family Acrypteridae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene. Journal of Genetics and Genomics (Formerly Acta Genetica Sinica) 34 (4): 294-306.
- ↑ Bugrov, A., Novikova, O., Mayorov, V., Adkison, L., Blinov, A. (2006): Molecular phylogeny of Palaearctic genera of Gomphocerinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Systematic Entomology 31: 362-368. doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3113.2005.00317.x
- ↑ Daniel Contreras & William chapco (2006): Molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple dispersal events in gomphocerine grasshoppers. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 15 (1): 91-98. doi : 10.1665 / 1082-6467 (2006) 15 [91: MPEFMD] 2.0.CO; 2
- ↑ Varvara Vedenina & Nicolay Mugue (2011): Speciation in gomphocerine grasshoppers: molecular phylogeny versus bioacoustics and courtship behavior. Journal of Orthoptera Research 20 (1): 109-125.
- ↑ a b F.MH Willemse, O. von Helversen & B. Odé (2009): A review of Chorthippus species with angled pronotal lateral keels from Greece with special reference to transitional populations between some Peloponnesean taxa (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Zoological Mededelingen Leiden 83 (2): 319-507.
- ↑ S. Yu. Storozhenko (2002): To the knowledge of the genus Chorthippus Fieber, 1852 and related genera Orthoptera: Acrididae. Far Eastern Entomologist 113: 1-16.
- ↑ Bernard Defaut (2012): Implications taxonomiques et nomenclaturales de publications récentes en phylogénie moléculaire: 1. Les Gomphocerinae de France (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques 17: 15-20.
- ↑ Varvara Yu. Vedenina & Otto von Helversen (2009): A re-examination of the taxonomy of the Chorthippus albomarginatus group in Europe on the basis of song and morphology (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 152: 65-97.
