Clamoris crenata
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Clamoris crenata |
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| ( Mulsant , 1854) |
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| Fig. 1: Front view | Fig. 2: side view |
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| Fig. 3: Bottom | Fig. 4: Detail |
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Fig. 5: Larva and pupa with details according to
Éduard Perris 421: Larva; 422: scale, 1 mm; 423: upper jaw from above; 424: lower jaw with jaw probe; 425: probe; 426: leg; 427: end of the abdomen; 428: doll; 429: Abdomen appendages of the doll |
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Clamoris crenata is a beetle fromthe black beetle family . The genus Clamoris is onlyrepresentedin Europe by the species C. crenata . The beetle lives mainly in the pine forests of southwest France.
Notes on the name
The species is first mentioned by name on page 200 of the 1833 catalog of the Dejean collection . There the beetle bears the name Phtora crenata . However, this catalog does not contain any scientific descriptions, Phtora crenata is an "empty" name ( noun nudum ). In 1836 Germar provided a first description under the name Phtora crenata . In the opinion of Mulsant , however, he wrongly described a beetle, which Dejean on p. 199 bears the name Cataphronetis brunnea with the synonym crenata . Therefore, Mulsant described both beetles again in 1854. For the species Phtora crenata from Dejean he also used the name Phtora crenata , since he considered the description of Germar to be invalid due to the lack of a generic description. There was (and is in the older literature) a kind of Phtora crenata Mulsant and a kind of Phtora crenata Germar , occasionally written as Phthora , for two different species that were so different that they could not be assigned to the same genus. Contrary to Mulsant's assumption , however , the genus name Phtora was assigned to Germar because he had not described the genus Phtora explicitly, but indirectly with his species description. For the beetle, which was originally called Phtora crenata by Dejean , Gozis suggested the generic name Clamoris , while Phtora became the name of the genus that Dejean was called Cataphronetis . Gozis comments on the problem of the homonymy of the genus: Consequently [the beetle] has to be renamed and could be Clamoris Goz. (without etymological explanation) ((fr.). Il doit en conséquence changer de nom, et pourra se nommer Clamoris Goz 1886 (sans étym.)). Gozis refrained from explaining the word Clamoris he had chosen , which he usually used in similar cases. He could assume that all scientists of his time knew that Clamoris is derived from the Latin clamor outcry, shouting . Gozis also suspects that Phtora crenata Mulsant is not the species Phtora crenata from Dejean . He therefore suggests Clamoris insurgens (Latin for the newly emerging Clamoris ) as a species name. However, this name is only used as a synonym for Clamoris crenata .
The specific epithet crenata ( Latin notched) refers to the structure of the wings. This is already characterized in the introductory characterization of the first description by Mulsant using the corresponding French word créneler , ( German outdated krenelieren , notch) ( French marqué de points qui crenèlent les intervalles ). The generic name Phtora is from Altgr. φθορά "phthorá" derived for "devastation" and may be due to the fact that the beetle is involved in the destruction of the wood of pine trees.
Description of the beetle
The beetle reaches a body length of 3.0 to 3.5 millimeters and is less than three times as long as it is wide. The sides of the body are roughly parallel, in the second third of the wing covers the beetle is somewhat wider. It's quite a shiny maroon; The mouthparts, antennae and legs are slightly lighter.
The head is wider than it is long and evenly sparsely dotted . In front of the eyes , it is pulled forward like an old bonnet (Fig. 1 and 4). This hood covers the deflection of the sensor upwards. The semicircular seam between the forehead and the head shield can be clearly seen on the front lintel of the hood (Fig. 4). The eyes on the side of the head protrude only a little beyond the cheeks and are hardly outlined by them. The eleven-jointed antennae barely reach the middle of the fore chest. The first antenna segment is short and slightly curved, the second slightly longer and almost as long as the third. The third link is hardly longer than it is wide, links four to seven are about the same size and slightly wider than they are long, the eighth link widens towards the next. The last three links form a distinct, slightly flattened and finely gray haired club with a rounded end link. The upper lip is short and wide and hides the upper jaw, which is split at the tip, when at rest. The end link of the jaw probe is flat, about the same length as it is wide in the middle and truncated slightly at an angle at the end. The end link of the lip switch is almost conical. The chin widens outwards in a triangular manner.
The pronotum is wider than it is long. At the base it is arched towards the rear and barely noticeably curved inwards to the right and left of the center. The front edge is almost straight when viewed from above. The sides are only slightly rounded outwards. They are clearly bordered, the almost horizontal edge clearly set off in the shape of a channel (Fig. 4). The base is finely notched with narrow edges. The puncture is hardly stronger than that of the head.
The label is small, smooth and much wider than it is long.
The wing covers completely cover the abdomen. The sides are roughly parallel. Behind the well-developed shoulder bumps they are slightly curved inwards, and after the second third they are slightly enlarged. They end together butt rounded. They have nine clear rows, deep in furrows, of somewhat elongated points, the distance between which is smaller than their diameter. The large dots score the arched intervals (name crenata ). Towards the back, the points become smaller and the furrows in which they lie flatter. The rows of dots are more recessed towards the outside than towards the sash seam. The spaces in between are arched and very finely dotted. The first to sixth and ninth point stripes almost reach the base of the wing, the seventh and eighth are shortened at the front (Fig. 2). At the back the fourth and fifth stripes end shortened and they are enclosed by the third and sixth. These in turn are enclosed by the second and seventh, which unite at the end of the wing. The wide, folded under wing edges (epipleurs) reach up to the wing cover seam , but suddenly narrow in a strongly concave manner near this (Fig. 3).
The legs are neither particularly strong nor weak. Legs and rails are flattened. The front rails are extended at the end (Fig. 4). The rails of the front and middle pair of legs have a few spikes on the outer edge and each end in a short point of the same length on the inside and outside. The back rails are not reinforced. The tarsi are thread-shaped, the first part of the hind tarsi is slightly shorter than the second, the last at least as long as the two preceding ones together.
larva
The larva (Fig. 5 Fig. 421) becomes eight millimeters long and one millimeter wide in the last stage. It is white and leathery rather than horny, completely smooth, shiny and worm-shaped.
The head is as wide as the body and rounded. The mouthparts are still pointing forward. The plate over the mouth opening is trapezoidal and straight at the front. The upper lip is shaped like half a disk. The triangular mandibles are quite long, reddish at the base, rust-colored in the middle and black at the top. Seen from above, two teeth can be seen, the inner one is shorter when viewed from above (Fig. 5, Fig. 423). From the front you can see another tooth next to the jaw probes. Of the three teeth, the middle one is the longest. The feelers (Fig. 5 Fig. 425) consist of four cylindrical members. The first link is short, the second a little longer, the third longer than the first two together. The last link is again short, much slimmer and sits a little diagonally on the previous link. It has three or four bristle hairs on the tip, the middle one of which is much longer than the others. The lower jaws are very strong and serrated like a comb on the inside. The jaw probes, made up of three equal limbs, are slightly curved inwards and protrude two thirds beyond the lower jaw (Fig. 5, Fig. 424). The lower lip is heart-shaped, the lip button is bipartite. All of these organs and the area around the mouth opening are reddish. Ocelles are missing.
The first breast section is significantly larger than any other segment. The middle and rear chest are slightly shorter than the abdomen. The five-limbed legs (fig. 5 fig. 426) are white and short. The hip is almost as long as the following three links together, thigh, thigh ring and splint are about the same size and have very short spines. The claw is small and slightly curved.
Except for the eighth, the abdominal segments are built fairly identically and clearly separated from each other, so that they are a little straighter in front than behind. The last link is large and widens slightly towards the back. In the end, it's rounded. It has a small protrusion on the underside that can be pulled back. The end (Fig. 5, Fig. 427) is hollowed out on the top and sloping at an angle, in front of which there are two horny hooks. These are slightly curved downwards, about half as long as the segment and rust-colored, especially towards the tip.
The elliptical stigmas of the abdomen are colored like the body and are therefore difficult to see. The first pair lies laterally near the rear edge of the rear chest, the others lie roughly in the middle of the sides of the abdominal sections.
The head and the last segment are very fine and hairy pale red. The remaining limbs each have four short hairs on the back, one similar on the side and two on the underside.
Doll
The white pupa (Fig. 5 Fig. 428) is characterized by the hair, lateral appendages on the abdominal segments and a pair of appendages on the last abdominal segment. This ends with two awl-shaped appendages that diverge only slightly and end in a short hair. The hair of the doll is white and a little thick at the base, on the outside it becomes slim and reddish. Two of these hairs of considerable length are on the front edge of the front chest, several on the side, one each in the back corners, and six hairs stand in a row near the base. The abdomen is eight limbed. The first seven sections bear a two-branch appendage on each side (Fig. 5 Fig. 429), which is fleshy and lamellar-like flat at the base and carries numerous tubercles. The upper branch is oriented horizontally, the lower one strongly curved backwards. Each branch ends in long reddish hair that is straight and semi-horny. In the seventh segment, the division into two branches starts at the base. In addition, the seventh segment has six hair-bearing outgrowths, four above and two below.
biology
When describing the insects of the maritime pines, Perris notes that beetles do not appear until they have reached an advanced stage of rotting . After the wood has been damaged by primary insect infestation, further insects appear that live in the already existing feeding tunnels and continue the work of destruction. Only then does Clamoris crenata appear together with Uloma culinaris . The animals swarm from May to July in fine weather in the evening and can then be easily captured. The eggs are laid almost all year round. The larvae that hatch from it continue to decompose the tree. They are not located directly under the bark, but penetrate more or less deeply into the sapwood. There they create straight feeding tunnels in all directions. They completed their development between June and August of the following year. Before pupation, they create a pupal chamber at the end of their feeding passage. They stay there in a hunched position motionless for a few days before they molt to the pupa. Thanks to the hair, they can turn around in the doll's room without difficulty. The finished animals overwinter in the sapwood or under the bark.
distribution
Find reports for the beetle are available from Corsica , France , Italy, Spain, Portugal and Algeria; information from Sweden is based on displaced animals. The finds in France come mainly from the Landes département in southwestern France; the finds from Corsica are of great interest because of their distance from the main distribution area. All other species of the genus live in East Asia and North America.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Éduard Perris: Histoire des insectes du pin maritime Paris 1863 excerpts from 1852–1863 1st volume p. 411ff at BHL Description p. 411ff, drawings 3rd series, volume 5 (1857) plate 4 Fig 421-429
- ↑ a b Clamoris crenata in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved December 26, 2013
- ^ Clamoris at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved December 26, 2013
- ^ Taxon profile from Clamoris des Gozis, 1886 at BioLib, accessed December 28, 2013
- ↑ Cataloque des Coléoptères de la Collection de M. de Comte Dejean Paris 1833 in BHL Phtora crenata p. 200, Cataphronetis crenata p. 199
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i MEMulsant: Histoire naturelle des coléoptères de France Paris 1854 at BHL Description of Phtora clamoris p. 228ff and note that his description of Cataphronetis brunnea concerns the animal that Germar describes as Phtora crenata , p 243
- ^ TJ Spilman: On the Generic Names Alphitobius, Phtora, Clamoris and Cataphronetis in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington Vol. 68, March 1966 p. 8ff at BHL Description p. 8ff
- ↑ M. Des Gozis Recherche de l'espèce typique de quelques anciens genres Montluçon 1886 p. 25 at BHL p. 25
- ↑ Internet encyclopedia accessed on December 28, 2013 ( Memento of the original from December 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
- ↑ Wolfgang Schwaller (1999): Notes on Palearctic and Oriental Phrenapatini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), with descriptions of four new species. Revue suisse de Zoologie 106 (2): 419-428. Full text source
