Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs

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Women of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation (1902)

The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs are a confederation of the American Indians tribes who inhabit the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in the north of the US state Oregon . It is formed from groupings of the Wasco , the Warm Springs and the Northern Paiute . The main town of the confederation is Warm Springs in Jefferson County.

The tribes

Wasco

The Wasco originally settled along the Columbia River . You were among the easternmost speakers of the Chinook . The Wasco lived mainly from fishing , especially the anadromous fish that migrated up the river to spawn . Other things that they needed to live, such as game, tubers and clothing, they acquired through trade with neighboring tribes.

The following Wasco factions helped create the reserve and became members of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs:

  • The Dalles Wasco or "actual Wasco" settled on the south bank of the Columbia River near the town of The Dalles .
  • The Ki-gal-twal-la also settled on the south bank of the Columbia River and are sometimes seen as a common group with the Dalles Wasco .
  • The Dog River settled on the Hood River , then known as the "Dog River" , which flows down from Mount Hood and flows into the Columbia River near the town of Hood River .

Other Wasco groups, especially those north of the Columbia River, were settled in the Yakama Indian Reservation in Washington State .

Warm Springs

The Warm Springs settled along tributaries of the Columbia River and spoke a dialect of the Sahaptin . They also made a living from fishing, but also hunted and collected tubers and berries. Unlike the Wascoes, they did not live in one place all year round, but alternated between winter and summer quarters. The Warm Springs had frequent contacts and trade with the Wascos.

The Warm Springs tribe is divided into the following four groupings:

  • The Tinainu (Tinaynuɫáma) or "Dalles Tenino" had two summer quarters on the south bank of the Columbia River near the town of The Dalles and one winter quarters on Eightmile Creek, eight miles from The Dalles . (The term "Tenino" is used both for this grouping alone as well as for the Warm Springs tribe as a whole, so the Dalles Tenino are also called "actual Tenino" (Tenino poroper).)
  • The Wyam (Wayámɫáma) or "Lower Deschutes" had their summer quarters near the Celilo Falls on the Columbia River and their winter quarters on the left bank of the Lower Deschutes River near its confluence with the Columbia River.
  • The Tygh (Tayxɫáma) or "Upper Deschutes" had their summer quarters on the upper Deschutes River and their winter quarters in the area of ​​today's Tygh Valley .
  • The Dock-Spus / Tukspush (Takspasɫáma) or "John Day" had two summer quarters on the south bank of the Columbia River and two winter quarters on both sides of the lower reaches of the John Day River .

All four groups helped create the reservation and became members of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs.

Paiute

The Northern Paiute originally settled in southeast Oregon, northwest Nevada, and northeast California, and spoke a language similar to Shoshoni . Their way of life was fundamentally different from that of the Warm Springs and Wasco. Their habitat on the plateau meant that they moved over long distances to hunt game. Fish was of little importance to them. Because of the language differences there were hardly any trade relations with the Wasco or Warm Springs, and occasionally there were fights with them.

The Northern Paiute were not involved in the creation of the reserve. The Malheur Indian Reservation was intended for them, but was not accepted by the Paiute due to the poor living conditions and was dissolved in 1879 after an armed conflict between the US military and groups from Bannock and Paiute. As a result, groups of the Paiute were housed in various reservations. The Northern Paiute, who later lived in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, came primarily from southeastern Oregon.

history

The reserve

From the 1840s, more and more settlers from the east came to the Wasco and Warm Springs area via the Oregon Trail . In order to make this land available, Joel Palmer , the then Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Oregon Territory , signed a contract with the heads of the above-mentioned groups of Wasco and Warm Springs. In the contract, the tribes ceded an approximately 40,000 km² area south of the Columbia River to the United States and received the approximately 2,640 km² Warm Springs Indian Reservation for their exclusive use. In addition, the tribes reserved rights of use in the ceded areas, for example for hunting and fishing.

Relocation to the reservation forced the tribes to change their traditional ways of life. The fishery was less productive than the Columbia River, and the harsher climate and poor soil conditions made agriculture difficult. In addition, the policies of assimilation forced them to abandon traditions in favor of a modern school system and modern production methods.

In 1879, a group of Paiute who had originally been forcibly relocated to the Yakama Indian Reservation first came to the reservation. Other groups followed, so that finally the Paiute also formed an integral part of the population of the reserve.

The Confederation

In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act was passed, which allowed the American Indians to form their own governments. The tribes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation then merged to form the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs and in 1937 issued their own constitution, which was approved in 1938 by the Deputy Minister of the Interior. Among other things, it regulates membership of the Confederate tribes as well as the composition and powers of the tribal council. Since then there have been several minor changes and adjustments, most recently in 1992. In a corporate charter, the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs were also recognized as a corporation in 1938.

On June 25, 1992, the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs passed a declaration of sovereignty. In it they declare their national sovereignty and that they have the absolute right "to govern, determine our fate and control all persons, countries, water, resources and activities, free from any outside interference".

government

The Confederate tribes are governed by a tribal council, which is composed of representatives of the three tribes. The tribal council has eleven members, three of whom are the lifelong heads of the three tribes. The other eight are elected for three years each, three from the Simnasho District, the main settlement area of ​​the Wasco, three from the Agency District, the main settlement area of ​​the Warm Springs, and two from the Seekseequa District, the main settlement area of ​​the Paiute.

The jurisdiction of the Confederate Tribes includes the Warm Springs Indian Reservation , the entire area of ​​which is constitutionally inalienable, as well as all areas acquired by the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs . Since the Confederate Tribes are a personal corporation, the jurisdiction also includes all members of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs .

Web links

Commons : Warm Springs Indian Reservation  - Collection of Images, Videos, and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f History. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved January 10, 2019 (American English).
  2. ↑ Treaty of 1855. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved January 11, 2019 (American English).
  3. ↑ a b Constitution and By-Laws. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved January 11, 2019 (American English).
  4. ↑ Corporate Charter. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved January 11, 2019 (American English).
  5. ↑ Declaration of Sovereignty. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved January 11, 2019 (American English).