Warm Springs Indian Reservation

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Warm Springs Indian Reservation

Warm Springs Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation in northern US state of Oregon . The capital of the reservation and seat of government of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs is the unincorporated community of Warm Springs .

location

Location of the reserve
Map of the reserve

The Warm Springs Indian Reservation is located northwest of the city of Madras mainly in Jefferson County and Wasco County to the north . Smaller parts of the reserve's western border are also in the neighboring counties of Clackamas , Marion and Linn . In addition, the tribes of the reservation include smaller sub-areas in the counties of Gilliam , Sherman and Hood River south of the Columbia River .

The Deschutes River forms the western border of the reserve. To the north of the Mutton Mountains , the border leaves the river and runs in a straight line roughly northwest to Clear Lake Butte . From there it runs in a straight line approximately south to Mount Jefferson , from where it follows Jefferson Creek to its confluence with the Metolius River and this on through Lake Billy Chinook to the Deschutes River. US Highway 26 leads through the reservation from Madras to Mount Hood .

history

The reserve was established by a treaty signed in 1855 between the United States and groups of the Warm Springs and Wasco tribes , which was ratified and promulgated in 1859. In the contract, the tribes ceded an approximately 40,000 km 2 area south of the Columbia River to the United States and received the reserve for their exclusive use. However, some of them also retained usage rights in the ceded areas, for example for hunting and fishing.

In 1857 the Warm Springs were relocated to the new reservation, the Wasco followed in 1958. In 1879, 38 Paiute members were resettled in the reservation, and more followed over the years.

After the Indian Reorganization Act was passed in 1934 , which allowed the American Indians to form their own governments, the Warm Springs, Wasco and Paiute who lived on the reservation joined forces to form the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs and issued their own constitution.

geography

Plateau overlooking Mount Jefferson

The reserve has an area of ​​about 2,640 km 2 . About 1.410 km 2 of it, i.e. more than half of the reserve area, is forested. The north and west are mountainous, the rest of the area consists of plateaus crossed by valleys. The highest point is the inactive stratovolcano Mount Jefferson on the western border of the reserve with a height of 3199 meters .

The largest river in the reserve is the Warm Springs River in the northern portion of the reserve, which flows east and joins the Deschutes River . The Shitike Creek , which flows through the main town Warm Springs , the Seekseequa Creek in the southern part of the reserve and the Jefferson Creek and Metolius River , which form the southern border of the reserve, also flow to the east and flow into the Deschutes River.

On the western border of the reserve south of Olallie Butte are some mountain lakes that are used for fishing. The southwest corner of the reserve is located on Lake Billy Chinook , a reservoir of the three rivers Metolius River , Deschutes River and Crooked River , downstream on the Deschutes River is Lake Simtustus .

population

Women from the reservation (1902)

At the 2000 United States Census , the reservation had a population of 3,334. Of these, 2,431, almost 75%, lived in the main town, Warm Springs . The vast majority of the population (> 90% of the population) are members of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs .

administration

Administratively the reserve is divided into three districts: Agency with the main town Warm Springs , Simnasho in the north and Seekseequa in the south. The reserve is governed by a tribal council with eleven members, including eight elected members from the three districts and the three lifelong ruling heads of the Wasco, Warm Springs and Paiute tribes.

tourism

In 1964, the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs opened the Kah-Nee-Ta resort on the Warm Springs River with a swimming pool, motel, huts and teepees for overnight stays. A casino, a campsite, a golf course and a conference center were added later.

In 1993, an Indian museum opened just off US Highway 26 in Warm Springs . In 2012, instead of the casino in Kah-Nee-Ta, the new Indian Head Casino was built on the highway directly opposite the museum in order to be more easily accessible and thus to attract more visitors. The resort had to close in 2018 due to a lack of profitability.

literature

  • George Aguilar: When the River Ran Wild! Indian Traditions on the Mid-Columbia and the Warm Springs Reservation. University of Washington Press, Seattle 2005, ISBN 978-0-295-98484-1 .

Web links

Commons : Warm Springs Indian Reservation  - Collection of Images, Videos, and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Warm Springs Reservation. In: Geographic Names Information System. Retrieved December 29, 2018 (American English).
  2. ↑ Treaty of 1855. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved January 1, 2019 (American English).
  3. ^ History. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved January 1, 2019 (American English).
  4. ^ Constitution and By-Laws. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved January 1, 2019 (American English).
  5. ↑ The Associated Press: Rejecting 2000 Census Counts, Tribes Are Tabulating Their Own . In: The New York Times . November 28, 2003, ISSN  0362-4331 ( nytimes.com [accessed January 1, 2019]).
  6. ^ Warm Springs CDP, Oregon: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics 2000. In: US Census Bureau. Accessed January 1, 2019 .
  7. ^ Tribal Council. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved December 31, 2018 (American English).
  8. ↑ Kah-Nee-Ta Resort and Spa. In: kahneeta.com. Retrieved February 15, 2019 (American English).
  9. ^ The Museum at Warm Springs. In: museumatwarmsprings.org. Retrieved February 15, 2019 (American English).
  10. ^ Indian Head Casino. In: warmsprings-nsn.gov. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs. Retrieved February 15, 2019 (American English).
  11. ↑ Emily Cureton: End Of An Era: Warm Springs Tribes' Kah-Nee-Ta Resort Closes. In: opb.org. Oregon Public Broadcasting, accessed February 15, 2019 .

Coordinates: 44 ° 52 ′  N , 121 ° 27 ′  W