Cyclosorus

Cyclosorus
	Cyclosorus hudsonianus
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
	Ferns
Class :	True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order :	Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family :	Marsh fern family (Thelypteridaceae)
Genre :	Cyclosorus
Scientific name
	Cyclosorus
	link

Cyclosorus is a genus of plants inthe marsh fern family (Thelypteridaceae). The 250 to 600 species thrive in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide.

description

Cyclosorus species are medium-sized perennial herbaceous plants . They grow terrestrially, rarely also epiphytically . They form an upright, prostrate or creeping rhizome , which is covered with narrow scales, sometimes with needle-shaped hair.

At the ends of the rhizomes are the fronds, which are separated from each other or close together, and are uniformly designed. The simply pinnate fronds are mostly elongated-lanceolate, can taper towards the base and contain pairs of herbaceous to leathery leaflets. The mostly elongated-lanceolate leaflets are mostly smooth on the upper side with the exception of the central vein, rarely with needle-shaped hairs and on the underside also with needle-shaped hairs and brownish-orange to yellow glands , which are missing in Cyclosorus invisus . They have more or less entire to deeply lobed margins, with the leaf margins in the upper frond area usually being more lobed. The leaflets can sometimes have swollen aerophores on the underside of the leaf base . The lower leaflets can also be smaller than the upper leaflets. The leaf veins are simply or rarely bifurcated, at least one pair of veins is connected in various ways (anastomosing).

The round, rarely elongated sori are somewhat within (intramarginal) of the leaf. They are covered by a circular to kidney-shaped, membrane-like indusium , which has a smooth surface covered with needle-shaped hairs or glands. The sporangia have a three-row stalk and have a round gland or, more rarely, a short bristle hair. The mostly pale brown spores are monolet, elongated kidney-shaped and have wings or are hairy with spiky hair.

The basic chromosome number is x = 36.

distribution

The natural distribution area of the Cyclosorus species is in the pantropical regions of the world, with a distribution center in Malesia .

Systematics

Cyclosorus acuminatus

Cyclosorus cyatheoides

Cyclosorus interruptus

Cyclosorus interruptus , underside of the frond

Cyclosorus opulentus

Cyclosorus parasiticus

Cyclosorus sandwicensis

The genus Cyclosorus was established in 1833 by Heinrich Friedrich Link in Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis , Volume 2, page 128. The type species is Cyclosorus gongylodes (Schkuhr) Link

Synonyms for Cyclosorus Link are: Abacopteris Fée , Ampelopteris Kunze , Amphineuron Holttum , Chingia Holttum , Christella H.Lév. , Cyclogramma Tagawa , Dictyocline T. Moore , Dimorphopteris Tagawa & K.Iwats. ex K.Iwats. , Glaphyropteridopsis Ching , Glaphyropteris (FEE) C.Presl ex fee , Goniopteris C.Presl , Leptogramma J.Sm. , Meniscium Schreb. , Menisorus Alston , Mesophlebion Holttum , Plesioneuron (Holttum) Holttum , Pneumatopteris Nakai , Pronephrium C.Presl , Pseudocyclosorus Ching , Sphaerostephanos J.Sm. , Stegnogramma flower , Steiropteris (C.Chr.) Pic.Serm. and Trigonospora Holttum . Some of these synonyms are considered by some authors to be subgenus of Cyclosorus .

There should be between 250 and 600 species of Cyclosorus (selection):

Cyclosorus acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai : It occurs in two varieties in China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea and the Philippines.
Cyclosorus aridus (D. Don) Ching : It occurs in Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Kashmir, Malesia, Nepal, the Philippines, in Vietnam, Taiwan, China, Australia and on islands in the Pacific.
Cyclosorus articulatus Panigrahi : It occurs in India, Sri Kanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Guangxi, southern Guizhou, southeastern Xizang and southern Yunnan.
Cyclosorus attenuatus Ching ex KHShing : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan.
Cyclosorus boholensis Copel.
Cyclosorus boydiae (DCEaton) WHWagner
Cyclosorus calvescens Ching : It occurs in southern Yunnan, southern Guizhou, Guangxi and Vietnam.
Cyclosorus castaneus A.R.Sm. & Lorence
Cyclosorus crinipes (Hook.) Ching : It occurs in Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam and in China.
Cyclosorus cuneatus Ching ex KHShing : It occurs in Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou and in Vietnam.
Cyclosorus cyatheoides (Kaulf.) Farw.
Cyclosorus cylindrothrix (Rosenst.) Ching : It occurs in Bhutan, in northern India, in northern Myanmar, in Nepal, Thailand and in southeastern Xizang.
Cyclosorus dentatus (Forssk.) Ching : It occurs in tropical and subtropical Asia, in tropical America, in northern Africa in China and in Taiwan.
Cyclosorus ensifer (Tagawa) WCShieh : It occurs in southern and southeastern Taiwan.
Cyclosorus evolutus (CBClarke & Baker) Ching : It occurs in India, Thailand and China.
Cyclosorus florencei A.R.Sm. & Lorence
Cyclosorus fukienensis Ching : It occurs in Fujian, in northern Guangdong, in southern Hunan, in southern Jiangxi and in southern Zhejiang.
Cyclosorus glaber Desv.
Cyclosorus glanduliferus (Brack.) Copel.
Cyclosorus gongylodes (Schkuhr) Link
Cyclosorus gustavii (Bedd.) Ching : It occurs in India, Thailand and western Yunnan.
Cyclosorus heterocarpus (flower) Ching : It occurs in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Australia and Polynesia.
Cyclosorus hirtisorus (C.Chr.) Ching : It occurs in Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Guangxi and southern Yunnan.
Cyclosorus hokouensis Ching : It occurs in eastern India, southwestern Guangxi and southeastern Yunnan.
Cyclosorus hudsonianus (Brack.) Ching
Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H.Itô : It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions, in China and in Taiwan.
Cyclosorus invisus Copel.
Cyclosorus jaculosus (Christ) H.Itô : It occurs in Bhutan, India, Japan, Nepal, Vietnam, China and Taiwan.
Cyclosorus jinghongensis Ching ex KHShing : It occurs in Thailand, Vietnam and China.
Cyclosorus latebrosus (Kunze ex Mett.) Ching : It occurs in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and southern Yunnan.
Cyclosorus latipinnus (Benth.) Tardieu : It occurs in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, China, Australia and Polynesia.
Cyclosorus longissimus (Brack.) Ching
Cyclosorus marquesicum (Holttum) Lorence & ARSm.
Cyclosorus molliusculus (Wall. Ex Kuhn) Ching : It occurs in India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and China.
Cyclosorus nanxiensis Ching ex KHShing : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan.
Cyclosorus opulentus (Kaulf.) Nakaike : It occurs in southern India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Hainan, in eastern Africa, in tropical America, in northern Australia and in Micronesia.
Cyclosorus papilio (C.Hope) Ching : It occurs in China, Taiwan, northern India, Kashmir, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farw. : It occurs in northern India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan and China.
Cyclosorus parvifolius Ching : It occurs in Fujian.
Cyclosorus pendens (DDPalmer) N.Snow
Cyclosorus procerus S.Lindsay & DJMiddleton : It occurs in Bhutan, in northern India, in Nepal, Thailand, in southeastern Xizang and in western Yunnan at altitudes between 1100 and 2400 meters above sea level.
Cyclosorus procurrens (Mett.) Copel. : It occurs in southern India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Taiwan and China.
Cyclosorus productus (Kaulf.) Ching : It occurs in the Philippines and in southeastern Taiwan.
Cyclosorus pygmaeus Ching & CFZhang : It occurs in Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
Cyclosorus sandwicensis (Brack.) Copel.
Cyclosorus scaberulus Ching : It occurs in Hainan.
Cyclosorus shimenensis Shing & CMZhang : It occurs in Chongqing, Guizhou and Hunan.
Cyclosorus siamensis (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) Panigrahi : It occurs in Thailand, in southern Yunnan and possibly also in Taiwan and northeastern India.
Cyclosorus stokesii (EDBr.) Ching
Cyclosorus subacutus Ching : It occurs in China and possibly also in Taiwan.
Cyclosorus subelatus (Baker) Ching : It occurs in India, Laos, Myanmar, northern Thailand, Guangxi and southern Yunnan.
Cyclosorus subpectinatus (Copel.) Ching
Cyclosorus taiwanensis (C.Chr.) H.Itô : It occurs in Taiwan, China and southern Japan.
Cyclosorus terminans (J.Sm. ex Hook.) KHShing : It occurs in India, Indonesia, Japan, Malesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Hainan, in Africa, in northern Australia, in Polynesia and in Micronesia.
Cyclosorus truncatus (Poir.) Farw. : It occurs in two varieties in China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, northern Australia and Polynesia.
Cyclosorus wailele (Flynn) WHWagner
Cyclosorus wulingshanensis C.M.Zhang

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au Youxing Lin , Li Zhongyang, Kunio Iwatsuki & Alan R. Smith: Thelypteridaceae . Cyclosorus. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Blechnaceae. Volume 2. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis July 20, 2013, Cyclosorus , p. 372 (English, Cyclosorus - online - this printed work is online with the same text).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j David H. Lorence, Warren L. Wagner, Kenneth R. Wood, Alan R. Smith: New pteridophyte species and combinations from the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia . In: PhytoKeys . No. 4 , 2011, ISSN 1314-2003 , p. 5-51 , doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.4.1602 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Cyclosorus. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, accessed on January 15, 2016 (English).
↑ ^a ^b ^c Cyclosorus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 15, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b Julie F. Barcelona, Nemrod E. Dolotina, Gil S. Madroñero, William G. & Granert Diosdado D. Sopot: The Ferns and Fern Allies of the karst forests of Bohol Iceland, Philippines . In: American Fern Journal . tape 96 , no. 1 , 2006, ISSN 1938-422X , p. 1-20 .

Web links

Commons : Cyclosorus - collection of images, videos and audio files

Search for "Cyclosorus" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au Youxing Lin , Li Zhongyang, Kunio Iwatsuki & Alan R. Smith: Thelypteridaceae . Cyclosorus. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Blechnaceae. Volume 2. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis July 20, 2013, Cyclosorus , p. 372 (English, Cyclosorus - online - this printed work is online with the same text).

[PK-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j David H. Lorence, Warren L. Wagner, Kenneth R. Wood, Alan R. Smith: New pteridophyte species and combinations from the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia . In: PhytoKeys . No. 4 , 2011, ISSN 1314-2003 , p. 5-51 , doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.4.1602 .

[FotHI-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Cyclosorus. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, accessed on January 15, 2016 (English).

[Tropicos-4] Cyclosorus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 15, 2016.

[AFJ96-5] Julie F. Barcelona, Nemrod E. Dolotina, Gil S. Madroñero, William G. & Granert Diosdado D. Sopot: The Ferns and Fern Allies of the karst forests of Bohol Iceland, Philippines . In: American Fern Journal . tape 96 , no. 1 , 2006, ISSN 1938-422X , p. 1-20 .