Dense-leaved black blotch

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Dense-leaved black blotch
Dense-leaved black deaf (Russula densifolia)

Dense-leaved black deaf ( Russula densifolia )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Dense-leaved black blotch
Scientific name
Russula densifolia
Secr. ex Gillet

The densely-leaved black deafness ( Russula densifolia ) is an inedible mushroom family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). The firm-fleshed, medium-sized Täubling has dense lamellae and is greyish or brownish-black in color with age. When cut, the meat first turns reddish and then gray-blackish.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat of the dense-leaved black blotch is 5–9 (maximum 11) cm wide. The hat is initially rolled up, then spread out and finally depressed. It changes color from initially whitish soot gray to olive to dirty brown. It is usually lighter in color at the edge. The skin of the hat is sticky when young, and also greasy in damp weather.

The slats are - as the name suggests - very close. They are white to cream-colored, narrow (up to 11 mm high), thin, linear and regularly mixed in and attached to the stem until they run down briefly. Many are forked halfway up. The stem is short, firm, cylindrical in shape or thickened upwards, and of about the same color as the hat.

The meat is also firm and whitish. When breaking or cutting the hat, the meat turns reddish within about three minutes, then grayish-black from the base. The mushroom smells fruity to musty and has a mild to pungent, but also unpleasant earthy taste. The spore powder is white.

FeSO 4 discolors the meat from a weak green to green-gray, and in some cases the reaction is weak or not detectable. In the phenol test , the meat turns purple-brown to wine-red, while the formula test leads to a carmin-red to orange-red discoloration.

Microscopic features

The spores are ovate 7–9 µm long and 6–7 µm wide. With small warts under 0.5 µm high, which are connected by numerous fine lines and form a well-developed network. Hat hyphae are cylindrical or narrowing towards the tip, 3–4 µm wide. Pilocystiden occur only occasionally and do not react with sulfovanillin . The four sterigms are 7–8 µm long.

Species delimitation

It is not always easy to tell the difference between the black deaf with closely spaced lamellae. The smoky-brown black-deaf ( Russula adusta ) is usually much larger, its hat diameter is 13-20 cm. His meat reddens and grayed out very slowly.

The flesh of the black blotch ( Russula albonigra ) turns black immediately and quickly. The taste, especially in the lamellae, is bitter like menthol.

In the case of the very rare salmon-leaved black-blotch ( Russula anthracina ), the meat also blackens without reddening beforehand, and the cream-white lamellae have a salmon-pink reflex, the smell is slightly fruity, the taste sharp.

ecology

The dense-leaved black deafblings are like all deafblings a mycorrhizal producer . Its hosts are deciduous trees such as birch ( Betula ), hornbeam ( Carpinus ), red beech ( Fagus ) and oak ( Quercus ) as well as conifers such as silver fir ( Abies ) and spruce ( Picea ).

The Täubling is found in montane, fir-rich or acidic beech and oak-beech forests, as well as in oak-hornbeam forests and in warmth-loving mixed oak forests. But it also occurs in spruce bog forests and in spruce and pine forests. The fungus tolerates dry, acidic to weakly basic gravel soils, scree / rock rubble, sand, silicate rock and brown earth soils .

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the densely populated black deaf.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The fungus is found in Western and Central Europe, Asia (Japan, North and South Korea) and North America (Canada, USA). There is also evidence from North Africa (Morocco). The Täubling has been found in France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Poland and Hungary.

    In Germany it is widespread from the lowlands over the low mountain ranges to the high mountains.

    Systematics

    The scientific species attribute ( epithet ) " densifolia " is derived from the Latin adjective densus (dense) and the noun " folium " (leaf) and is an allusion to the very dense lamellae.

    Inquiry systematics

    The densely-leaved black-blotch belongs in the subgenus Compactae to the subsection Nigricantinae , which is in the section Compactae . In this subsection, relatively large and robust deafblings are summarized, which have dull whitish, greyish or blackish hats and whose flesh reddens, gray or blackens when injured.

    meaning

    The black-deaf mushrooms, which often appear quite frequently, are hardly an option as edible mushrooms, because their meat is too hard and firm and therefore difficult to digest, and their musty taste is not inviting.

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag KG, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 54 .
    2. ↑ a b Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 180 .
    3. ^ R. Singer: Species description of Russula densifolia. (PDF) Monograph of the genus Russula. A. Pascher "Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt" (1932), accessed on January 21, 2011 .
    4. ↑ Russula densifolia at www.cbs.knaw.nl
    5. ↑ Roger Phillips: Russula densifolia. (No longer available online.) RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on January 28, 2015 ; accessed on May 8, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    6. ↑ Russula densifolia in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 18, 2011 .
    7. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula densifolia. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 11, 2012 .
    8. ↑ Belgian Species List 2012 - Russula densifolia. In: species.be. Retrieved June 7, 2012 .
    9. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    10. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 291 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]).
    11. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula densifolia. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014 ; Retrieved August 18, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    12. ^ Z. Athanassiou & I. Theochari: Compléments à l'inventaire des Basidiomycètes de Grèce . In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 79, 2001, pp. 401-415 ( online ).
    13. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 (English).
    14. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas | Russula densifolia. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 6, 2012 .
    15. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: densus . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 2047 ( zeno.org ).
    16. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: folium . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 2809 ( zeno.org ).

    Web links

    Commons : Dichtblättriger Schwärz-Täubling ( Russula densifolia )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files