The implicit order

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The implicit order. The foundations of a dynamic holism is the German title of the book Wholeness and the Implicate Order , which the quantum physicist David Bohm published in 1980.

In the book, Bohm creates a worldview in which reality is not separated into individual building blocks, but understood as a seamless whole. He criticizes the fragmentation of the world into building blocks, since experiments on the quantum level reveal phenomena that cannot be explained. Bohm transfers this to other aspects of reality and to an ethical level.

The formation of demarcations between people leads to patterns of action that do not serve the common good. A new, holistic worldview therefore also has a meaning for the coexistence of people.

The worldview presented in this book is assigned to the areas of New Age or Esotericism .

Main theses

There is an implicit order hidden in the folded sheet.
A hidden structure (e.g. notes) can be seen in the unfolded sheet.

The author is interested in the development of a holistic worldview. For this purpose he first provides presentations on the problems in quantum physics and the theory of relativity . He wants to show that a "dissecting" view of things can obscure the view of reality.

In the book, Bohm also deals with language and its relationship to thinking. He tries to develop a new language mode ("rheomode") that gives preference to verbs over nouns and questions the subject-predicate-object structure of modern languages.

Furthermore, the book offers a philosophical discourse on the unity of thought process and reality (approximation of "thinking" and "thought content") and a critique of Aristotelian logic and dualism .

In the dualism, which was established by René Descartes among others , spirit and matter stand opposite one another (res cogitans and res extensa). According to Bohm, matter and spirit have a common basic structure. Based on Nikolaus Cusanus , he uses the terms implicatio (folded in), explicatio (unfolded) and complicatio (everything folded into one another). Reality is generated, as it were, from a constant and very rapidly unfolding fold and fold.

As a closed field emerges from this picture, Bohm proposed other intellectual solutions to certain problems that occurred particularly in Alain Aspect's experiment in 1982: Using a complex arrangement, an attempt was made to separate the measuring apparatus and emission paths of the photons from one another in such a way that they mutually influence one another could be ruled out - nevertheless the photons seemed to interact. The explanation of this "influence" (Einstein coined the term " spooky action at a distance ") could not be provided in connection with the premises of the theory of relativity: The experiment apparently documented the violation of locality (or "Einstein separability"), i.e. the requirement that In reality, no object should act on another faster than the speed of light (in this context, this phenomenon is also described by Bell's inequality ). As an explanation, Bohm suggested the idea of ​​a kind of guiding wave according to which everything is connected with everything. A measurement at any point would disturb the entire guide wave and thus also phenomena that take place far apart. Since in Bohm's model no sub-system can be considered separately from the other, or all sub-systems are only unfoldings of a field, Bohm's approach offers a different view of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox . In this model, Bohm approaches the phenomena of the world in the sense of monism .

Bohm also provides a mathematical description of the theory of hidden variables and indeterminism in quantum physics.

His attempt to develop a consistent, field-like cosmology, in which particles are interpreted as abstraction forms of a seamless whole, is also shown in the image of a kind of “tube of the world” that could be seen as an early form of superstring theory .

To illustrate his theories, he refers to the working method in the hologram . This shows a holistic structure, similar to his idea of ​​an “implicit order”: “Rather, in an implicit sense, an overall order is contained in every space and time segment .” Bohm calls this structure “holo-movement”. Bohm also compares the concept of the “folded order” with a drop (e.g. ink) that is filled into a vessel containing another liquid (glycerine) and a cylinder. If this cylinder is now rotated, the thread slowly pulls apart into an ever finer band until it dissolves completely; but since it has not disappeared, it remains “implicitly” and can be made “visible” again when the cylinder is counter-rotated.

Cylinder3Inte.png

In this picture he distinguishes himself from the Cartesian spatial model, in which all parts are always viewed separately from one another.

The order of the implicit structure is transferred to multidimensional realities. The particles of the EPR paradox correlate against this background, because they are projections of higher-dimensional realities.

Bohm also speaks on the subject of "Implicit Order and Consciousness". Following the Monadology of Leibniz he considers the consciousness of "moments" that similar to the "real events" with Alfred North Whitehead constituted. In this context, time is also relativized and understood as a special order of a higher dimensional level.

David Bohm's approach was summarized under the term holistic ontology .

reception

According to Rüdiger Vaas , Bohm "is one of those physicists who deserved the Nobel Prize, but did not receive it. [...] Due to vehement and often unfair criticisms of renowned physicists such as Wolfgang Pauli and Robert Oppenheimer (" if we cannot refute Bohm , we have to ignore it ”), Bohm's work fell into disrepute. [...] The importance of Bohm's work was mainly defended by John Bell for three decades."

The theologian Hans-Dieter Mutschler describes Bohm as a “ New Age ” physicist. He sees in Bohm's book (and similarly in the work of Fritjof Capra ) a problematic transition from physics to metaphysics and from there to mysticism. This only seems plausible because Bohm takes physics out of its actual medium, the mathematical formulation, and enriches it with ideas that no longer originate from the specialist science itself. His philosophical interpretation relates to physics, which is already interpreted in everyday language. The transposition into colloquial language would smuggle in categories that are alien to physics itself. For example, Bohm loads the holistic concept with values ​​that are alien to physics and then pretends to have derived it from physics.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The German edition appeared in the "New Age" series of Goldmann Verlag.
  2. ^ Hans-Dieter Mutschler: Physics, Religion, New Age. Echter Verlag, Würzburg 1990, ISBN 3-429-01322-4 , pp. 152-182.
  3. ↑ Chapter I: Fragmentation and Wholeness
  4. ↑ Chapter II: The Rheomode - An Experiment with Language and Thought
  5. ↑ Chapter III: Reality and Knowledge as a Process
  6. ↑ The spirit in the atom
  7. ^ Max Born, Albert Einstein: Albert Einstein, Max Born. Correspondence 1916–1955. Munich (Nymphenburger) 1955, p. 210.
  8. ↑ Schrödinger's kitten
  9. ↑ Chapter V: Quantum Theory as an Indication of a New Order in Physics, Part A.
  10. ↑ Chapter VI - ibid. - Part B
  11. ↑ Chapter VI, Part B
  12. ↑ Chapter VII: Unfolding and Unfolding of the Universe and Consciousness
  13. ↑ ibid.
  14. ↑ What is the world?
  15. ↑ Rüdiger Vaas: Three fixed rope routes to the quantum Olympus . Bild der Wissenschaft 8/2004, p. 46 ( online ( memento of the original dated September 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice . ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bild-der-wissenschaft.de
  16. ^ Hans-Dieter Mutschler: Physics, Religion, New Age. Echter Verlag, Würzburg 1990, ISBN 3-429-01322-4 , pp. 140-142.

literature

  • David Bohm: Wholeness And The Implicate Order . Routledge, London 1980, ISBN 0-415-28978-5 .
  • David Bohm: The implicit order. Basics of a dynamic holism . (= New Age). Goldmann, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-442-14036-6 .
  • David Bohm, F. David Peat: The new worldview. Science, order and creativity . Goldmann, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-442-11489-6 .
  • Paul CW Davies, JR Brown (Ed.): The Spirit in the Atom . Insel, Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-458-33199-9 .
  • David Bohm, Basil J. Hiley: The Undivided Universe . Routledge, London 1996, ISBN 0-415-06588-7 .
  • David Bohm: The dialogue . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-608-91857-4 .
  • John Gribbin: Schrödinger's Kitten and the Search for Reality . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-596-14151-6 .
  • Stefan Bauberger : What is the world? On the philosophical interpretation of physics. 2nd Edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-17-018982-4 .

Web links