Diplazontinae

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Diplazontinae
Diplazon laetatorius

Diplazon laetatorius

Systematics
Order : insects
Order : Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Subordination : Waist Wasps (Apocrita)
Partial order : Legimmen (Terebrantia)
Family : Wasps (Ichneumonidae)
Subfamily : Diplazontinae
Scientific name
Diplazontinae
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Diplazontinae is a relatively small sub-family of parasitic wasps with about 340 species in 22 genera . It is distributed worldwide, but most of the species have been described from the Holarctic , with the boreal and alpine regions being particularly rich in species. Over 70 species are known in Germany and more species are to be expected.

morphology

The Diplazontinae are relatively small to medium-sized parasitic wasps, usually less than 5 mm in length with a length of the front wings of 2.8 to 8 mm. Many species have a distinctive coloring pattern. The mandibles are tridentate, the first tergite is short, almost rectangular, the propodeum relatively short, the ovipositor (ovipositor) is short, the head is broad.

Way of life

The Diplazontinae are almost without exception endoparasitoids of hoverflies . The eggs of the parasitic wasps are laid in the larvae of the hover flies, more rarely in the eggs of the flies. The development from egg to imago (adult insect) takes about three weeks in summer. The parasitic wasps overwinter as larvae or pupae in the hosts and hatch from the puparia of the hoverflies. Hoverflies that eat aphids are mostly parasitized . Some species of the Diplazontinae often fly close to aphid colonies, especially the males can form swarms. Biology is still unknown for many species. Some, especially the common species, have a relatively broad host range.

The mating behavior was investigated in Syrphoctonus tarsatorius . The males loop around those of the females with their antennae in such a way that the Tyloidae (glandular sensory fields on the antennae of the males) touch the surface of the female antennae. However, the males do not have Tyloidae in all Diplazontinae.

Most species occur in different habitats, both in the forest and in the open country, and sometimes also in settlement areas. For example, Homopterus sundevalli has so far only been found in deciduous forests.

Systematics

The Diplazontinae belong within the Ichneumonidae to the group of "Pimpliformes" with the following subfamilies: Acaenitinae, Cylloceriinae, Diacritinae, Orthocentrinae, Pimplinae, Poemeniinae, Rhyssinae and Collyriinae. The more precise system is still unclear.

Klopfstein sets up the following informal genre groups: Sussaba group : Promethes and Sussaba ; Syrphoctonus group : Bioblapsis, Enizemum, Fossatyloides, Homotropus, Phthorima and Syrphoctonus ; Diplazon group : Campocraspedon, Diplazon, Syrphophilus, Tymmophorus and Xestopelta .

Genera

Literature:

  • Bioblapsis Förster 1869; only 3 species, one of them in the Nearctic , the other two in the Palaearctic .
  • Campocraspedon Uchida 1957; Holarctic , 6 species, way of life unknown, but the particular shape of the female abdomen could be an adaptation to lay eggs in galls or similar structures.
  • Daschia Diller 1970; Only one species, from Central Europe: D. brevitarsis.
  • Diplazon Nees 1819: Worldwide distribution, 58 species, sometimes very broad host range; especially common, the worldwide widespread species D. laetatorius .
  • Ectomocolax Diller, 1982: 1 species, Papua New Guinea
  • Enizemum Förster 1869: Worldwide, except in Australasia. 24 species. Common species: E. ornatum .
  • Episemura Kasparyan & Manukyan 1987: Palaearctic, 2 species, partlycaughtin the crown area of larches .
  • Eurytyloides Nakanishi 1978: Palaearctic, 3 species.
  • Extenuosodalis Diller, 1982: 1 species, Papua New Guinea
  • Fossatyloides Klopfstein et al. 2011: Holarctic, 2 species.
  • Homotropus Förster 1869: Worldwide distribution; more than 150 species, including 21 in the Western Palaearctic.
  • Peritasis Townes, 1971: 3 species, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Ecuador
  • Phthorima Förster 1869: Holarctic distribution, 11 species
  • Promethes Förster 1869: Holarctic (15 types), neotropical (1 type) and oriental (4 types).
  • Schachticraspedon Diller, 1984: 3 species, Ecuador, Costa Rica.
  • Sussaba Cameron 1909: approx. 35 species, holarctic, neotropical and oriental distributed.
  • Syrphidepulo Diller, 1982: 4 species, Papua New Guinea, Costa Rica.
  • Syrphoctonus Förster 1869: Distribution and extent unclear because the genus boundaries are not uniform, 147 species according to Taxapad (7 in South Africa, 34 in Europe). Many non-European species of this genus should probably be transferred to the genus Homoptropus .
  • Syrphophilus Dasch 1964: 6 species, Holarctic and oriental distribution.
  • Tymmophorus Schmiedeknecht 1913: 8 species, Holarctic distribution.
  • Woldstedtius Carlson 1979: Worldwide distribution, 36 species.
  • Xestopelta Dasch 1964: 5 species, Holarctic and tropical Africa.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f S. Klopfstein: Revision of the Western Palaearctic Diplazontinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) . In: Zootaxa . tape 3801 , no. 1 , 2014, p. 1-143 ( biotaxa.org ).
  2. ^ A b H. Goulet & JT Huber: Hymenoptera of the World: An identification guide to families . Ottawa 1993, ISBN 0-660-14933-8 , pp. 439 .
  3. ↑ a b Jochen Müller: On the occurrence of the Ichneumonidae-Diplazontinae in particular in Thuringia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) . In: Communications of the Thuringian Entomologists Association . tape 27 , no. 1 , 2020, p. 10-29 .
  4. ↑ K. F. Schmidt & Zmudzinski: contributions to the knowledge of the Baden wasps fauna (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonide). 7. Subfamilies Anomalinae, Banchinae (except Banchini), Cremastinae, Diplazontinae . In: carolinea . tape 67 . Karlsruhe 2009, p. 133-155 .
  5. ^ I. Gauld & B. Bolton: The Hymenoptera . Oxford Univ. Press, 1988, ISBN 0-19-858521-7 , pp. 207 .
  6. ↑ Salome M. Steiner, Christian Kropf, Werner Graber, Wolfgang Nentwig, Seraina Klopfstein: Antennal courtship and functional morphology of tyloids in the parasitoid wasp Syrphoctonus tarsatorius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Diplazontinae) . In: Arthropod Structure & Development . tape 39 , no. 1 , January 2010, ISSN  1873-5495 , p. 33-40 , doi : 10.1016 / j.asd.2009.10.001 , PMID 19835981 ( nih.gov [accessed July 16, 2020]).
  7. ↑ Thirion, C .: Les Diplazontinae (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae) en Belgique et dans les régions limitrophes. Deuxièmecontribution. In: Notes Fauniques de Gembloux . tape 29 , 1994, pp. 3–100 (quoted from: J. Müller (2020) Mitt. Thüringer Entomol.verb. 27, 10-29).
  8. ↑ Andrew MR Bennett, Sophie Cardinal, Ian D. Gauld, David B. Wahl: Phylogeny of the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). In: J. Hymenoptera Res. Band 71 , 2019, p. 1-156 .
  9. ↑ a b c d Yu, DS, Van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K .: Taxapad 2012, Ichneumonoidea 2011. Database on flash-drive. In: taxapad.com . Ottawa, Ontario 2012.
  10. ↑ a b c Erich Diller: Diplazontinae of the Australian region (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Diplazontinae) . In: Entomofauna . tape 3 , no. 20 . Linz 1982, p. 287–321 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
  11. ^ H. Sebald, Bauer, R., Schubert, H., Schönitzer, K. & Diller, EH: A rare Ichneumonide in the crown area of ​​larches (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Diplazontinae) . In: Entomofauna . tape 19 , no. 33 , 1988, pp. 525-531 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
  12. ↑ Erich Diller: Study on Diplazontinae from South America (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Diplazontinae) . In: Entomofauna . tape 5 , no. 9 . Linz 1984, p. 101–123 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
  13. ^ Classification and checklist of Afrotropical Diplazontinae - WaspWeb. Retrieved June 14, 2020 .
  14. ↑ Search results | Fauna Europaea. Retrieved June 14, 2020 .

Web links

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