Dollishof
The Dollishof (originally: Tolnayshof , also: Tollnaishof and other spellings) is a deserted area on the eastern edge of the district of Leibenstadt , a district of Adelsheim in the Neckar-Odenwald district . The farm was founded in the 18th century and developed into a village with around 250 inhabitants by the middle of the 19th century. Because of the prevailing poverty, from 1850 the Baden state primarily forced the population to emigrate to America or move to other places. The settlement was completely dissolved by the Baden state in 1880. All buildings were demolished, and the town's cemetery was leveled a little later. The place was previously at about 320 m above sea level. NN in today's Feldgewann Denzer, in the Geviert that is formed today by the lower Heidelsgraben in the north-northwest, the edge of the Denzerwald forest in the east-northeast already on Schöntal municipality area, the A 81 in the southeast and a field path in the southwest.
history
The barons of Gemmingen-Hornberg , as landlords of Leibenstadt, cleared the forest north-west of the village around 1670 . From Leibenstadt they used the newly gained farmland themselves. In 1703 the Hungarian nobleman Franz von Tolnay de Goellye acquired around 100 acres of this area and built an estate , the Tolnayshof named after him . The farm received its own mark, but remained within the Leibenstadt community association. Tolnay had previously managed the Tennichshof (today: Schwärzerhof in the district of Möckmühl ) without success and also got into economic difficulties on the new farm, so that as a result of a settlement around 1739 the farm fell back to the barons of Gemmingen. They then parceled the abandoned farmyard into building sites and settled mainly traveling people on an area of around 50 ares west of the Denzerwald . Since the landlord had only re-assigned the core area of the former farm estate, there was only a small amount of agricultural land. Agriculture on the Tolnayshof was therefore essentially limited to the personal needs of the residents, who continued to earn their livelihood by peddling (especially as paint dealers) or begging . In 1830 there were 24 citizens plus their family members on the Tolnayshof, including eight paint dealers, two sieve makers and two mole catchers. In 1832 the first population census showed 166 people.
From a legal point of view, the settlement was not a new municipality, but only a colony of the manor, which was administered by the Gemmingen Rent Office in Widdern . After the end of the imperial knighthood, there were considerations of adding the settlement to the community of Leibenstadt or raising it to an independent community. Against the connection to Leibenstadt spoke that the settlement, although located in the Leibenstadt district, never belonged to Leibenstadt. The small area and the low population spoke against the elevation to the community. For the time being it stayed with the official name Colonie , the residents were called Colonen . At the head of the citizenry stood a staff holder . When regulating the legal relationships of the Baden municipalities, the court was declared a separate estate under its own trademark by order of the Baden Ministry of the Interior of October 25, 1839 , which was politically incorporated into the municipality of Leibenstadt, but for which a separate land and pawn book was conducted.
Due to the prevailing poverty and the large number of children of the residents, the decision was made in 1836 not to allow any new settlements on the Dollishof. In 1847, the Baden state took over the manorial power of the place, which now had around 250 residents and had its own school and cemetery. The school's performance, which was attended by around 30 children from the settlement in 1851/53 and also by 23 children from neighboring Hergenstadt in 1865 , was viewed as inadequate - even among the younger population there were some illiterate people on the farm .
Due to material need, there were repeated cases of field and forest atrocities. The Baden state countered this, as well as begging, through a series of regulatory measures and comparatively high support payments. From around 1850 onwards, he primarily encouraged emigration to America. This state-run depopulation was not unusual, but was also used in other localities with a similar history and social character, such as in the nearby Rineck near Mosbach or in Ferdinandsdorf near Eberbach . By 1852, the population in Dollishof fell by around 100 people to 155. The state acquired the land belonging to the emigrants and had the buildings on them torn down. After this first successful emigration campaign, the further evacuation of the place was slow. In 1865 there were still 117 people living in the 16 houses that were still in existence. After that, the number of residents even grew again, eight new houses were built by 1878 and the number of residents reached 124 people.
In 1877 the district office of Adelsheim suggested the complete dissolution of the settlement. The reasons for this were the deficit in spending on support for the poor, the poor school system, the unfavorable social prognosis of the population, the ongoing inbreeding among the residents and the lack of water in the village, which had to get it from an outside well, and even partially if the need was higher the surrounding places. The Baden state agreed to the dissolution and was able to acquire half of the 24 buildings by October 1879, and another five buildings by May 1880. The acquisition of the last buildings dragged on for a few months, as the last owners haggled tenaciously for higher sales prices because of their preventive power. Ultimately, however, the state acquired all of the remaining land in the course of 1880 and had the buildings leveled. Only the village fountain outside the Ortetter and the cemetery also outside remained. The cemetery was left to decay, it was no longer looked after by the previous residents who had moved to the surrounding areas, so that it soon fell into bushes and was later leveled as well. Demolition material from the former Dollishof schoolhouse was used to build a chapel in neighboring Hergenstadt .
In 1924 the district of Dollishof was abolished and its area was added to the municipality of Leibenstadt. Today only a memorial stone and the fountain remind of the former settlement. In addition, the slightly disparaging designation Dollisheifer ("Dollishöfer") has been preserved in regional linguistic usage , which refers to the bad repute of the previous residents.
literature
- August Häffner: The Dollishof - history of a dissolved village , Schöckingen [o. J.]
- Ralf Egenberger "The former 'Colonie Tolnayshof' near Leibenstadt - history of a hungry village in the Baden hinterland" in "Forgotten and repressed history (s)" Verband Odenwälder Museen e. V., 2019, pages 116-129, ISBN 978-3-9818295-2-5
- Eugen von Philippovich: The state-supported emigration in the Grand Duchy of Baden in Archives for Social Legislation and Statistics - Quarterly journal for researching the social conditions of the federal states , Berlin 1892, fifth volume, pages 27-69, in particular pages 54-56 digitized
Web links
- Information sheet from the "Historischer Verein Bauland eV about Tolnaishof
- Tollnaishof in the Universal Lexicon of the Grand Duchy of Baden from 1847
- Sheet 9 "Book" of the "Topographical Atlas Ueber Das Grossherzogthum Baden" from 1839 on the Tollnaishof is still recorded.
- The Tolnayshof - An article in the supplement to the Karlsruher Zeitung of April 25, 1928, which has been repealed from Baden's beggar's paradise
- The Tolnaishof on the website of the Association of Odenwälder Museen eV
Coordinates: 49 ° 22 ′ 34 " N , 9 ° 26 ′ 45" E