Dombra
Dombra ( Kazakh домбыра ), also dömbra, dombyra, dumbyra, dambura , danbura , is a widespread plucked instrument in several Central Asian countries. With the exception of the Kazakh instrument and in contrast to the dotār played in the same region, the two-stringed long necks have a pear-shaped body and have no frets . A second type of lute with a trapezoidal flat body occurs under this name in central and southern Kazakhstan.
Description and distribution
The dombra is similar from the Turkish, with its long neck saz . The pear-shaped sound box is made of cedar wood , the top of other softwood. The length is 100 to 130 centimeters. The dombra has two strings that are tuned with a fourth spacing (d – g), less often with a fifth , second or as a unison. The melody is usually played on the high string. Originally the strings were made of gut, today nylon is used. There are two variants of the pear-shaped type: the Kazakh dombra with frets on a long thin fingerboard and the Uzbek dutar without frets and traditionally two silk strings. Old dombras , played in Kazakh music , had nine frets for a diatonic tone supply , today's instruments allow a chromatic tone sequence with 15 to 17 frets . Up until the middle of the 20th century, a three-string dombra was still played in northeast Kazakhstan (around Semei ) . The trapezoidal dombra played in the south, east and central Kazakhstan has a short, wide neck with seven to nine frets.
The dombra is a traditional instrument in Kazakhstan ( dombura, dombyra ), Uzbekistan , Badakhshan ( dambura ), Turkmenistan , Tajikistan ( dombura ) and Kyrgyzstan and is partially considered a national symbol. In Uzbekistan it is used by the storytellers bakhshi ( baxşi , related to the Turkish aşık ) and in Tajik music by the lyrical singers hōfiz to accompany songs. The Kazakh poet Abai Qunanbajuly , who played a major role in the development of Kazakh into a written language, is often shown with a dombra in his arms. The instrument is played solo, to accompany singing and in folk dance music.
Other instruments of the Central Asian group dotar ( dutar ) are similar to the dombra . The Uighur rawap pitch is an octave above that of the Uzbek dutar .
Discography
- The Kui Shertpe of Karatu: Dombra from Kazakhstan. Musique du Monde, Buda Musique, CD 2006
literature
- Jean During: Central Asia. In: Ludwig Finscher (Ed.): Music in Past and Present (MGG), Sachteil 9, 1998, Col. 2325 f.
- Jean During: The dotâr family in Central Asia. Organological and musicological survey. In: Porte Akademik. Organoloji sayasi, Istanbul, 2012, pp. 93-102
- Zhumageldi Nazhmedenov: Soul sound of Dombyra: Thousand years' history. (In Kazakh, Russian and English) Daĭk-Press, Almaty 2008, ISBN 9965-798-91-5
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Alma Kunanbayeva: Kazakhstan. § 4: Instruments and Music. In: Stanley Sadie (Ed.): The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Volume 13. Macmillan Publishers, London 2001, p. 434