Dravido Korean
The Dravido-Korean theory (also Dravido-Koreo-Japonisch , Korean: 드라비다 한국 어족 , Tamil: திராவிட-கொரியன் மொழிக்குடும்பம் ) is the theory that the Korean language and possibly the Japanese languages have a common origin in the Dravidian languages .
The languages and their distribution
The Dravidian languages form a language family widespread in South Asia . Their distribution area mainly includes the southern part of India including Sri Lanka , as well as individual language islands in northern India as well as in Pakistan , Iran and Afghanistan . The 27 Dravidian languages have a total of over 220 million speakers. This makes the Dravidian language family the sixth largest language family in the world. The four main Dravidian languages are Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam .
The Korean language is mainly spoken in North and South Korea and Manchuria . Most of the over 78 million speakers are North or South Koreans .
The Japanese languages are spoken on the Japanese islands . They include modern Japanese with its regional dialects (a total of 125 million speakers) and the five Ryūkyū languages or dialect bundles , which are spoken by around one million people on the Ryūkyū Islands - especially Okinawa .
history
The first similarities between the Dravidian languages and Korean were mentioned by French missionaries.
The first suggestion for this theory came from Homer B. Hulbert , who in 1905 discovered promising evidence of a relationship between Dravidian and Korean. He worked out a full grammatical and lexical comparison and thus showed strong parallels between the two languages.
The theory gained popularity some time afterwards through the results of the linguistic work of Susumu Ōno ( The origin of the Japanese language , 1970), who caused a sensation and some approval in Japan when he used the grammatical and lexical similarities between Korean, Dravidian and Japanese as symbols of common origin, and Morgan E. Clippinger ( Korean and Dravidian: lexical evidence for an old theory , 1984), who found matches in the vocabulary of Korean and Dravidian.
Ki-Moon Lee , Professor Emeritus at Seoul National University , said that this theory is of the official interest of the Korean Linguistic Association and that the analyzes already shown are promising.
In 2011, the Korean linguist and historian and President told the Korean Society of Tamil Studies (dt. Korean Society of Tamil Studies ) Young Nam Kim , that the similarities between the Dravidian languages and the Korean language are extremely strong and similarities to other languages in put in the shade. He believes Korean is related to Dravidian, but says more research is needed to reach a final judgment.
Arguments
Clippinger presents over 400 cognates and 60 phonological matches between the Korean and the Dravidian languages. The Japanese professor Tsutomu Kambe found more than 500 matching cognants between Tamil and Japanese. The Korean linguist Kang Gil-un found 1300 Dravidian Tamil cognates in Korean, especially in the area of basic words and in the agricultural area, but still believes that Proto-Korean was a Niwch language that was later influenced by Tamil.
Other similarities between the three languages are:
- all three are agglutinating languages ,
- the sentence structure follows the SOV rule (subject - object - verb) in all three languages ,
- Nouns and adjectives follow the same syntax ,
- Particles are post-positional ,
- Attributes always come before the attributed reference words.
Example of cognates between Korean and Tamil
Personal pronouns
| Korean | meaning | Tamil | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| well (naneun) | I | nān / nānu (நான் / நானு) | I |
| Nä (nega) | You | nī / ninga (நீ / நீங்க) | You |
family
| Korean | meaning | Tamil | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appa (아빠, informal) / Abeoji (아버지, formal) | father | Appā (அப்பா) / அப்புச்சி (grand-pa) | father |
| Eomma (엄마) / Eomeoni (어머니) | mother | Ammā (அம்மா) / Ammuni (grand-ma) (அம்முனி / அமம்மா) | mother |
| Eonni (언니) | Older sister (feminine form for sister); historical: older sibling | Aṇṇi (அண்ணி) | Older sister |
| Nuna (누나) | sister | Nungai (நுங்கை / தங்கை) | Sister (old tamil) |
| Agassi (아가씨) | Young woman / woman | Akka (அக்கா) / Akkaachi (அக்காச்சி) | Older sister / young woman |
Other
| Korean | meaning | Tamil | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wa (와) | Verb "come" | Vā (வா) | come |
| olla (올라) | Verb "climb into" | uḷḷa (உள்ள) | inside |
| Aigu (아이구) | Expression of amazement | Aiyō (ஐயோ) | Expression of amazement |
| Igeo (이것) | That / this / some | Itu (இது) | That / this |
| Nal (날) | Day | Nāḷ (நாள்) | Day |
| jogeum-jogeum (조금 조금) | something / a little | konjam-konjam (கொஞ்சம் கொஞ்சம்) | something / a little |
| eoneu (어느) | one | onnu (ஒண்ணு) | one |
| kungdengyi (궁뎅이) | buttocks | kundy (குண்டி) | Buttocks / back |
Individual evidence
- ^ Robarts - University of Toronto: The passing of Korea . New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1906 ( archive.org [accessed August 3, 2018]).
- ↑ Homer B. (Homer Bezalel) Hulbert: A Comparative Grammar Of The Korean Language and the Dravidian Languages of India . 1906 ( archive.org [accessed August 3, 2018]).
- ↑ Ōno, Susumu (1970). The Origin of the Japanese Language . Journal of Japanese studies.
- ^ Gina Lee Barnes: State formation in Korea: historical and archaeological perspectives . Routledge, 2001, p. 185.
- ^ A b Morgan E. Clippinger: Korean and Dravidian: Lexical Evidence for an Old Theory . Korean Studies . 8 : 1-57, 1984, doi: 10.1353 / ks.1984.0011 , JSTOR 23717695 .
- ↑ Researchers find Tamil connection in Japanese - Times of India . In: The Times of India . ( indiatimes.com [accessed August 3, 2018]).
- ^ Ki-Moon Lee, S. Robert Ramsey: A History of the Korean Language . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-139-49448-9 , p. 15.
- ↑ கொரியா தமிழ் நண்பர்கள் - Korea Tamil Nanbargal. Retrieved August 3, 2018 (American English).
- ↑ Researchers find Tamil connection in Japanese - Times of India . In: The Times of India . ( indiatimes.com [accessed August 3, 2018]).
- ↑ Kang, Gil-un (1990). 고대사 의 비교 언어 학적 연구 . 새문사.