Cherry vinegar fly

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Cherry vinegar fly
Cherry vinegar fly (Drosophila suzukii), male

Cherry vinegar fly ( Drosophila suzukii ), male

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Fly (Diptera)
Subordination : Flies (Brachycera)
Family : Fruit flies (Drosophilidae)
Genre : Drosophila
Type : Cherry vinegar fly
Scientific name
Drosophila suzukii
( Matsumura , 1931)

The cherry vinegar fly ( Drosophila suzukii ) is a species from the family of fruit flies (Drosophilidae) and is closely related to Drosophila melanogaster . It is native to Southeast Asia and was first described by Shonen Matsumura in 1931 . In Japan it was observed by T. Kanzawa as early as 1916. In the 1930s Drosophila suzukii was found in Japan, Korea and China, in 1980 in Hawaii, in August 2008 in California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and Florida, in 2010 in South Carolina, North Carolina, Louisiana, Utah, Michigan and Wisconsin. During the same period it was also found in several European countries; 2009 in Spain, France, Italy and Slovenia, 2011 in Switzerland, Austria, Belgium and Germany.

The species is considered a pest in fruit growing because it damages the ripening fruits of cherries, blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, peaches, plums, nectarines, apricots, grapes and others. Their extremely rapid reproduction can cause great damage. The short generation cycle of the cherry vinegar fly makes it an insect that is difficult to control with today's insecticides.

features

Like other members of the fruit fly family, Drosophila suzukii is small, about 2–3.5 mm in length and 5-6.5 mm in wingspan, and looks very similar to its relatives. Her body is yellow to brown in color with darker stripes on her stomach and she has red eyes. The male has a distinct, dark spot near the tip of each wing. The females do not have spotted wings. The female has a long, sharp, toothed egg-laying apparatus . With this it scratches the fruit and lays the eggs inside.

The white and cylindrical larvae are 3.5 mm long. In contrast to the related vinegar fly, which is primarily attracted to rotting or fermenting fruits, the larvae of Drosophila suzukii live on fresh, ripe fruits. The eggs are laid under the soft skin and the larvae hatch and develop in the fruit.

  • Cherry vinegar fly, Drosophila suzukii

  • Drosophila suzukii  - male

  • Drosophila suzukii  - female

  • Toothed egg-laying apparatus of the female

  • Anatomical differences between Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila simulans

Way of life

Egg laying and damage
Doll on a cherry

The cherry vinegar fly prefers temperate climates. Temperatures of 30 ° C limit the activities and above 32 ° C also the reproduction. Large parts of Europe are therefore suitable for settlement. The development is likely to be restricted only in very hot areas of southern Europe and in parts of northern Europe. The lifespan of Drosophila suzukii varies greatly between generations; from a few weeks to 10 months. Up to 15 generations can be observed in Japan every year. Such a high number of generations is not expected in Central Europe.

The mated females look for ripe fruits to lay eggs. They have a rasp at the end of the abdomen, which is covered with thorn-like teeth, which they use to damage the skin of the fruit and then lay an egg inside the fruit. A female can lay 7-16 eggs per day; 1 to 3 eggs, a total of 300–400 eggs, are laid per fruit, which means that Drosophila suzukii has a very high development potential. The high number results in enormous reproduction rates and rapid settlement, which can cause great damage in a short time. After two days, the hatched larvae begin to feed inside the fruit. A generation can be completed within 8-14 days. Pupation can take place inside or outside the fruit.

The cherry vinegar fly overwinters (most of the female animals) as an adult insect in a frost-free shelter. In spring the animals become active at around 10 ° C.

Host plants

The fly attacks fruits of wild and cultivated fruits with a thin skin and therefore poses a significant risk to soft fruits such as stone fruits and soft fruits. Sweet cherries are mainly attacked, but also peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, blueberries, gooseberries, blackberries, raspberries, Strawberry and grape. Other possible host plants are elder, mulberry, dogwood, persimmon, fig, melon, apple and nashi pear. Apples and Nashi pears are only attacked by the cherry vinegar fly when the skin is already damaged. Even vintners, especially those who plant red wine grapes, complain of their fruit being infected. Due to the high rate of reproduction and good adaptability, the host plant spectrum can expand.

Distribution and economic importance

The Asian region is the original home of the species. Only in the last few years (from 2008) has it been found in North America and Canada and in Europe in Spain, France, Italy and in 2011 in Switzerland, Austria and Germany. The large-scale distribution is probably due to the import of infected fruits. A local spread of a few kilometers is possible by the flies themselves.

The Plant Protection Organization for Europe and the Mediterranean (EPPO) has classified Drosophila suzukii as a harmful organism that poses a major plant-damaging threat to European fruit and wine growing. Drosophila suzukii finds almost ideal habitats for their establishment in Europe, although in the northern latitudes these also depend on the availability of wintering places in the vicinity of human dwellings.

Damage

The infestation on the fruits is shown by small damage and impressed soft spots on the surface. The damage is caused by one or more maggots (larvae) that eat the pulp. Infested fruits begin to decay very quickly around the feeding point. Due to the very rapid development, z. B. In the case of cherries, only two to three days pass from infestation after egg-laying to collapse of the fruit. In addition, secondary infections by fungi or bacteria can contribute to a further deterioration in quality (putrefaction or acetic acid fermentation ).

In southern France (up to 80% for strawberries), Switzerland and Italy, Drosophila suzukii has already caused considerable damage to various crops (in Trentino to cherries, up to 90%, and to table grapes; and in South Tyrol to the Vernatsch and Lagrein varieties ).

Combat

Drosophila suzukii attacks healthy fruits shortly before harvest. This peculiarity makes it an insect that is difficult to control, as no insecticide can be used immediately before harvest; so only direct hygiene measures are possible, such as removing and destroying all fruits from the plant z. B. by burying (30 cm) in the ground. Composting is not suitable for destruction. The timely and complete close-meshed net is another measure, if this is possible with the culture. To reduce the fly population, trap traps with a trapping liquid (apple cider vinegar as an attractant and an additional yellow board inside the container) can be used. They also serve to determine the infestation. Stands for chemical control in the wine of pesticide active ingredient spinosad available (approved since April 2014). There are two insecticides available, but they are problematic - because they are expensive and not very promising in terms of their prospects of success. The funds are also dangerous to bees. Despite the spraying, a new infestation could arise and an emergency harvest could be necessary. The “chemical club” should therefore not be the first choice to combat the pest. The fly cannot survive the winter anyway. At temperatures below minus 3 ° C, the population collapses. The use of sprays is only indicated if a very strong infestation in the crop directly endangers the harvest. The preventive use of pesticides, on the other hand, is a waste of time and money.

literature

Web links

Commons : Cherry Vinegar Fly  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Drosophila  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b T. Kanzawa: Studies on Drosophila suzukii Mats. Yamanashi Agricultural Experimental Station, Kofu 1939. In: Reviews of Applied Entomology, Vol. 29, p. 622, translated from Japanese by Shinji Kawaii (English). ( abstract ).
  2. ↑ D. Walsh: Press Release. Washington State University, 2009 (English).
  3. ↑ Cherry vinegar fly (Drosophila suzukii) also found in South Tyrol. In: South Tyrolean viticulture and fruit growing. July / August 2011, p. 242.
  4. ↑ Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): Spotted wing drosophila . ( Memento of the original from August 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. January 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eppo.org
  5. ↑ a b c d Peter Baufeld: The cherry vinegar fly (Drosophila suzukii) - a serious threat to fruit and viticulture in Europe. In: South Tyrolean fruit and wine growing. July / August 2011, pp. 240–242.
  6. ^ Belgian Journal of Zoology - Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A pest species new to Belgium. - Link
  7. ↑ Martin Hauser, Stephen Gaimari, Martin Damus: Drosophila suzukii new to North America. In: Fly Times. 43, October 2009, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food & Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road Sacramento, California 95832, USA (English).
  8. ↑ Leaflets: The cherry vinegar fly . ( Memento of the original from October 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: jki.bund.de (PDF; 4.9 MB). Retrieved October 11, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jki.bund.de
  9. ↑ Martin Hauser: A historic account of the invasion of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the continental United States, with remarks on their identification. In: Pest Manag Sci. 2011; 67, pp. 1352-1357, April 17, 2011, Society of Chemical Industry (English)
  10. ↑ http://www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/jahrgang-2014-kirschessigfliege-bedroht-deutschen-wein/10771362.html
  11. ↑ Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) - Cherry vinegar fly - A harmful organism on the EPPO Alert List . ( Memento of the original from April 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: jki.bund.de (PDF; 240 kB). Retrieved October 11, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / plant health.jki.bund.de
  12. ↑ Spotted Wing Drosophila (Fruit Fly) Pest Alert . ( Memento of the original from March 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Ministry of Agriculture, British Columbia, 2011; updated June 9, 2014. Accessed October 11, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.agf.gov.bc.ca
  13. ↑ Supraregional communication no. 5 ( Memento of the original from August 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated August 6, 2014 of the Freiburg State Viticulture Institute. Retrieved August 6, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wbi-bw.de
  14. ↑ Nadine Zeller: Vintners rely on insecticide for cherry vinegar fly - experts advise against In: swp.de , September 7, 2015, accessed on October 7, 2018.
  15. ↑ Chinese invaders worry winegrowers . In: faz.net . Retrieved October 10, 2014
  16. ↑ For the first time economic damage from cherry vinegar fly . In: schweizerbauer.ch . Retrieved October 10, 2014