Standard
The standard or etalon is a reference measuring device for physical quantities such as lengths, weights and volumes, with the help of which measuring devices can be calibrated .
Historical standard measures / length
One finds gauges more often on historical buildings such as churches all over the world, because the church guaranteed divine justice and neutrality.
The original meter
One of the best-known examples is the original meter from 1799 in Paris, a platinum ruler. The international meter prototype , a platinum-iridium rod with an x-shaped cross-section, was used since 1889 . Original meters and original kilograms are no longer in use.
Former standard / volume
Investigations of Bremer Weights and Measures Office in 2000 showed that from bronze crafted font may have possibly served as standard measures for the then used volume measures in Romanesque and early Gothic churches from the 13th and 14th centuries.
In the pre-metric period, the volume unit for liquids was often differentiated in different regions of Germany and in Switzerland with the standard measure (old notation: Aich measure). In the case of wine , beer , must , vinegar and similar liquids, a distinction was made between small and wholesale, large and small measure, lighter or light measure and visor measure, cloud measure or must measure and wine measure, host measure or pouring and tap measure, old measure, new measure and others less used names.
As an example, the standard measure was the standard measure according to the measure of February 15, 1815 in the Kingdom of Württemberg . There were similar laws and regulations in other regions.
- Summary table with example
| the cloudiness | the light standard | the gift measure |
|---|---|---|
| Wine press | Fair standard | -------- |
| Young measure | Visor size | Tapping measure |
| Neumaß | Old measure | Host measure |
| Must measure | Large size (wholesale) | Small size (retail, retail) |
| Example wine measure Kingdom of Württemberg | ||
| Must and cloudy wine | Old or clarified new wine | Serving measure (control measure) |
| 1 measure = 1.9174 liters = 96.6616 Parisian cubic inches | 1 measure = 1.83704 liters = 92.6090 Parisian cubic inches | 1 measure = 1.67000 liters = 84.191 Parisian cubic inches |
| 160 measure | 167 measure | -------- |
| 10 lightness standard | 11 Gift measure | |
gastronomy
In gastronomy, it is a legally prescribed measure for glasses in which beer and high-proof drinks are served. Wine glasses and soft drink glasses also have a calibration mark , but more for orientation for employees.
The standard measurement is only correct on the measurement stored in the glazier; not every line that leaves the factory is checked.
literature
- Johann Friedrich Krüger : Complete manual of the coins, measures and weights of all countries in the world. Gottfried Basse, Quedlinburg / Leipzig 1830.
- Louis Schmidt: The Württemberg secretary: A practical handbook on private business and court relationships of the Württemberg citizen. Gebrüder Mäntler (A. Kröner), Stuttgart 1860, p. 261.
- Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon. Volume 1. Leipzig 1905, p. 393.
- Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon. Volume 17. Leipzig 1909, p. 737.
Individual evidence
- ^ Württemberg Chamber of Deputies: Negotiations of the Württemberg Chamber of Deputies in the Landtag. JB Metzlersche Buchdruckerei, Stuttgart 1868-70, p. 303.