Engelhard (novel)
The "Engelhard" is a novel by Konrad von Würzburg . Konrad von Würzburg wrote the "Engelhard" probably around 1273/74 . It consists of 6504 verses . The novel is about the loyal, inseparable friendship between Engelhard and Dietrich. In addition, the love between Engelhard and Engeltrud is told, which is why the novel can also be read as a "Minneroman" .
content
The story “Engelhard” by Konrad von Würzburg has three main contents. On the one hand, the "Engelhard" can be viewed under the theme of the "friendship saga", on the other hand as a "Minneroman". Furthermore, the “healing of leprosy through the blood of innocent people” is a core motif of the “Engelhard”. The first storyline is the friendship between Engelhard and Dietrich. You know each other from serving at the court of King Fruote of Denmark. Engelhard and Dietrich share an inseparable, loyal friendship. This is put to the test twice. At the first rehearsal, Dietrich Engelhard helps to keep his honor in a tournament. During the second test, Engelhard had to kill his children in order to use their blood to heal Dietrich from severe leprosy . This friendship is one of the main motifs of the story. The second storyline deals with the love between Engelhard and Engeltrud, the daughter of the king. Until their love is fulfilled, they have to pass some trials. Both strands are carried by the motif triuwe , both in friendship and in love.
action
Part I: Prologue (216 verses; verses 1–216)
The prologue precedes the actual narrative part of the “Engelhard”. In the prologue, the author Konrad von Würzburg reflects on loyalty (motif of the triuwe ). Faithfulness is praised as the most valuable quality that brings a good life to those who live by faithfulness. God also rewards people who value loyalty. However, Konrad complains that many people consider loyalty to be unimportant. They cannot be convinced of their loyalty by the following story either. Konrad justifies the fact that he still wants to tell the story of "Engelhard" with the value of loyalty that he wants to remember. The story is intended to provide role models who have experienced happiness through loyalty.
The prologue contains a self-reference by Konrad von Würzburg. From verse 208 it says:
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von Wirzeburc i Kuonrât |
I, Konrad von Würzburg, presented |
Part II: Story of "Engelhard" (verse 217-6504)
Engelhard's family / origin / excerpt (vv. 217–319)
Engelhard's father is a noble gentleman from Burgundy , but without any material property worth mentioning. He has ten children. Engelhard is among them. In order not to be a further financial burden on his parents and to earn his own money, Engelhard decides to leave his family. He wants to get a job as a squire at the court of King Fruote of Denmark.
Engelhard's journey / Dietrich's acquaintance (v. 320–630)
Engelhard's father gives his son three apples with him on the trip. Which companion shares an offered apple with Engelhard passed the test, but whoever eats the apple alone is not suitable as a friend. The third man Engelhard meets on his way shares the apple with him and thus passes the test. In addition, this companion peeled the apple, referring to his courtly education. It's Dietrich. A specialty of Dietrich is that he looks exactly like Engelhard. They wear different clothes and have different horses, but otherwise they look the same. Engelhard recognizes Dietrich as a brotherly friend, and they swear an oath of friendship. Dietrich joins Engelhard. So they continued the journey to King Fruote of Denmark together.
Arrival at court (v. 631–851)
Engelhard and Dietrich arrive at King Fruote's court and describe their request to be accepted at court in order to serve the king. You will be warmly welcomed. Your request will be granted and you will be added to the list of court members. Engelhard and Dietrich live well on the farm. They are popular because of their virtues and diverse abilities. Their close bond continues unbroken.
Engeltrud / Engeltrud's love decision (v. 852-1249)
King Fruote has a daughter who also lives at court. Her name is Engeltrud and she is beautiful and well brought up. Engeltrud has all the positive qualities of a noble lady. She begins to test the men at court for their virtue and loyalty. In the course of this, she falls in love with Engelhard and Dietrich equally. Since both are exactly the same, Engeltrud cannot decide which one, which makes her very sad. But then Engeltrud realizes what distinguishes Engelhard from Dietrich. They have different names. Engeltrud makes a name comparison. She finds the name Engelhard for the more beautiful. So Engeltrud decides to love Engelhard, but this love takes place in secret and is unfulfilled.
Dietrich's farewell to the court (v. 1250–1628)
One day a messenger comes to the court with a message for Dietrich. Dietrich's father died and his mother, the Duchess of Brabant , asked Dietrich to return home, as he had inherited the rule of the country. Neither Engelhard nor the king knew that Dietrich was a prince. Dietrich offers Engelhard to come with him and share the rule with him. But Engelhard refuses. He wants to stay with the king and become a knight and so they say goodbye in tears. After his return to Brabant, Dietrich became a successful ruler and valued by his subjects.
Ritschier von England / Engelhard becomes Engeltrud's chamberlain (v. 1629-1965)
After Dietrich has left, Engelhard continues to gain favor with the king thanks to his loyalty. Everyone at court appreciates Engelhard, except for the king's nephew Ritschier of England, who envies Engelhard. Engelhard is aware of this envy, but he doesn't care. The queen dies and the death of her mother makes Engeltrud even more sad, in addition to her secret, unfulfilled love for Engelhard. To encourage her, the king decides to assign Engelhard as chamberlain to his daughter . Because:
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He can read and write, |
He can read and write, |
Engelhard notices that Engeltrud loves him. Engelhard also begins to love Engeltrud. But he does not confess his love either, because he thinks that he is too little for Engeltrud.
The confession / the promise (vv. 1966–2464)
Engelhard Engeltrud reveals his love in a conversation. Engeltrud, however, rejects him because she sees her honor endangered by love. This rejection makes Engelhard sick. Everyone thinks he must die. Engeltrud decides to help Engelhard. Engeltrud reports to him that her father wants to knight him and Ritschier in the foreseeable future . Engeltrud recommends Engelhard to attend a tournament as a knight. Engeltrud promises him:
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So I want to add that we two live |
Then I want to make sure that the two of
us |
Engelhard recovers with this promise. Soon afterwards the king beats Ritschier and Engelhard to knights.
Tournament in Normandy (v. 2465-2895)
Engelhard goes to a knight tournament in Normandy. He is a stranger there. However, he wears a braid around his helmet as a sign that he was sent to the tournament by a lady. Engelhard defeated his noble opponent in the tournament and continued to ensure justice in the fights. Engelhard successfully returns to the king's court and Engeltrud.
The secret meeting (vv. 2896–3470)
Engelhard fulfilled Engeltrud's demands. He reminds her of her promise to meet him for a secret love encounter. In this place they should be undisturbed and unobserved. When Engelhard arrives in the park at the appointed time, Engeltrud is waiting for him. Engeltrud leads Engelhard to a place in the park where she has prepared a camp. There they spend a night of love together. But Engelhard and Engeltrud do not go unnoticed. Due to unfavorable circumstances, Ritschier is also in this park. Ritschier surprises Engelhard and Engeltrud at their love meeting. After this discovery, he storms away furiously. Engelhard and Engeltrud are very shocked, because Engeltrud's honor and Engelhard's life are in danger from this incident. They both decide to deny their meeting before the king.
The betrayal (vv. 3471-4121)
Meanwhile, Ritschier informs the king of the love encounter observed. The king is very angry and also disappointed in Engelhard because he was his favorite at court. The king cannot accept the violation of his daughter's honor. Therefore he takes Engelhard prisoner. When the king confronts Engelhard, he denies the accusation. But Ritschier continues to accuse Engelhard. Ritschier calls on Engelhard to prove his innocence in a fight between them. The king agrees with this solution: God should let him who speaks the truth win. The fight should take place six weeks after this conversation.
Engelhard asks Dietrich for help (v. 4122–4595)
Engelhard fears losing the fight against Ritschier because he lied and is actually guilty. He decides to turn to Dietrich. After having obtained the king's permission to leave the court for some time on a pretext, he traveled to Dietrich in Brabant. Once there, Engelhard Dietrich asks for help. Dietrich is supposed to fight in place of Engelhard. Dietrich agrees. Since they look exactly the same, you only have to swap clothes to perform the role swap. So Dietrich travels back to the king and Engelhard stays in Brabant. Engelhard takes over Dietrich's rule and obligations in Brabant.
The fight / the wedding (v. 4596–5130)
Shortly after Dietrich arrives at the court, the fight takes place. After a long and hard fight, Dietrich Ritschier cuts off his left hand. But before he can kill him, the king ends the fight. He declared Dietrich the winner and gave him Engeltrud as his wife as a reward. After the wedding, Dietrich traveled back to Brabant and swapped roles with Engelhard. Engelhard returned to court as Engeltrud's husband. After a short time, King Fruote dies and Engelhard becomes the new King of Denmark. He now has two children.
Dietrich's disease (v. 5131–5424)
Dietrich falls ill after his return. He gets leprosy. No doctor can cure it. Dietrich notices that his wife and his subjects are disgusted with him. So he has a house built in the wilderness in which he lives ahead. Dietrich is so bad that he wants to die.
The apparition (vv. 5425-5691)
In his sleep, Dietrich appears an angel. The angel tells Dietrich that he can be healed through the blood of Engelhard's children. This is the only way. But Dietrich does not consider this solution. But when things get worse and worse, Dietrich decides to travel to Engelhard and talk to him.
Conversation & decision (v. 5692–6227)
Dietrich does not tell Engelhard about his appearance for a long time. Only when he asks if there really is no cure for his leprosy does Dietrich Engelhard open the dream. Engelhard quarrels briefly with himself. But he comes to the conclusion that he owes Dietrich this sacrifice out of friendship.
Murder / healing / miracle (v. 6228–6455)
When the opportunity arises, Engelhard enters the room in which his children sleep. He cries and faints three times. Then he kisses his children and cuts off their heads with his sword. He brings her blood to Dietrich. After dousing Dietrich with the blood, Dietrich was completely healed. When Engelhard returns to his palace, he finds his children there alive. God worked a miracle. The children only have a ring-shaped scar around their necks. Everyone is happy and will live happily for a long time.
Part III : Epilogue (v. 6456–6504)
In the epilogue, as in the prologue, reference is made to the value of loyalty. Let the story serve as an example of how God rewards loyalty. In the hereafter too, loyalty and truth are rewarded.
people
Engelhard
Even at the beginning of the novel it is made clear that Engelhard is a very special person.
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but customer ir one third |
but one of them |
Engelhard is virtuous and, like his father, a believer in faithfulness. Engelhard falls in love with Engeltrud. His friend Dietrich fights for him so that Engelhard Engeltrud can marry. Engelhard then becomes King of Denmark.
Social rise
Engelhard rises from the lower nobility on his own, thanks to his "triuwe" , to become King of Denmark. That is a tremendous social advancement. However, this ascent occurs initially through deception and deception. For this Dietrich is first punished with leprosy from God, because he had the idea for the deception. But Engelhard also has to sacrifice his children before he can finally enjoy his newly founded royal dynasty.
Lockpick
Dietrich is Engelhard's brotherly friend. He is also Duke and later King of Brabant. He resembles Engelhard both in appearance and in character. Dietrich proves his loyalty to Engelhard by fighting for him against Ritschier. This loyalty is rewarded because Engelhard cures him of his serious illness, leprosy. Dietrich experiences the healing of leprosy through the blood of Engelhard's children.
Engeltrud
Engeltrud is the daughter of King Fruote of Denmark. There is a love affair between her and Engelhard. She ends up marrying Engelhard. Konrad von Würzburg deliberately used the striking similarity of names between Engelhard and Engeltrud. Due to the similarity of names, the contemporary recipient immediately understood that Engelhard and Engeltrud are meant for each other.
Ritschier of England
Ritschier is the nephew of King Fruote of Denmark. He is Engelhard and Dietrich's evil opponent. Ritschier catches Engelhard at his love meeting with Engeltrud. So it comes to the fight for the honor of Engelhard, in which Dietrich fights for his friend. In the subsequent punishment of Ritschier, a specialty of "Engelhard" can be seen. Because Ritschier is not killed, as would be the " Amicus and Amelius " fabric tradition, only his left hand is cut off.
shape
The "Engelhard" consists of 6504 verses. It can be assigned to the literary genre Epic . The "Engelhard" can be divided into three parts, the prologue (vv. 1–216), the main part, which contains the actual narrative (vv. 217–6455) and the epilogue (vv. 6456–6504). The prologue consists of eleven eight-line stanzas with punch rhymes . The story of "Engelhard" is written in a pair rhyme .
Classification in the work of Konrad von Würzburg
Client
Konrad von Würzburg does not name any client or sponsor for the “Engelhard”. It can be assumed, however, that “Engelhard” is a commissioned work, in which the poor tradition of delivery provides the reason for the failure to name the client. Therefore, in research there are only theories about possible clients or sponsors.
The name "Dietrich"
The fact that Konrad von Würzburg names one of the protagonists Dietrich can be associated with the House of Kleve. The name Dietrich was "the guiding name of the House of Kleve" in Konrad's time. So here the client is assumed. But there is also a contradiction to this thesis. Reinhard Bleck states that the name Dietrich was a common name. In addition, the nickname “von Brabant” does not fit with a connection with the House of Kleve.
Dating
It is unclear in which year Konrad von Würzburg wrote the "Engelhard". Dating can only take place via references provided by the text itself. Research sees the naming, which Konrad uses in "Engelhard", as the most important clue to dating.
The name "Ritschier von Engellant"
The name "Ritschier von Engellant" suggests that Konrad von Würzburg intended to associate himself with Richard of Cornwall . Now Ritschier from England is the uncomfortable opponent of the hero Engelhard in the "Engelhard". From the point of view of research, this negative connotation does not fit Konrad's earlier work “The Tournament of Nantes”. In this smaller work, Richard von Cornwall is idealized by Konrad von Würzburg. The death of Richard of Cornwall in 1272 can be considered an explanation for this discrepancy. Rudolf von Habsburg became the German king in 1273. Rudolf von Habsburg behaved with regard to his political actions as if Richard of Cornwall had not existed. It can be assumed that Konrad von Würzburg took this changed situation into account by creating a figure with Ritschier von Engellant that created negative associations with Richard of Cornwall. This is therefore also a dating reference. “Engelhard” should have been written after the election of the king on October 1st, 1273.
Place of origin
Basel is to be assumed as the place of origin . This is based on the assumption that Konrad von Würzburg's center of life was there around 1273/74 and that the clients for other works by Konrad were based there.
Position "Engelhards" in the history of literature
Lore
The "Engelhard" is only preserved in one print. It is the Frankfurt print from 1573. The printer Kilian Han presented it for the 1573 fasting fair. This Frankfurt print comprises 132 sheets in small octave format. There is one illustration with 57 woodcuts. Here Kilian Han made use of existing woodcuts that were already used for other prints. There are 14 image repetitions, so that a total of 43 different images were used. Today seven copies of the original Frankfurt print are still available.
Motifs
Triuwe
The virtue “triuwe” is a core motif of “Engelhard”. Konrad von Würzburg emphasizes that loyalty is a useful quality in almost all areas of society. Konrad creates a pragmatic concept of loyalty in which loyalty should also bring benefits. This is to be seen in contrast to the traditional concept of loyalty defined by vassalism . Both the friendship between Engelhard and Dietrich, as well as the love affair between Engelhard and Engeltrud, come under the term "triuwe" . It should be emphasized that fidelity is always a quality that small groups or individuals in society use at different times. This concept of fidelity has been applied to individual relationships rather than groups.
Love
The love relationship takes place between Engelhard and Engeltrud. It is disputed here whether Konrad von Würzburg wanted to convey a new image of women that was not influenced by classical courtly expectations by characterizing Engeltrud. Engeltrud is portrayed as smart, independent, energetic and calculating. But Engelhard falls in love with her mainly because of her beauty. In his being in love Engelhard shows the appearances typical of the love affair. He becomes sick and passed out from unfulfilled love. Exactly this is the character of a love, an unreachable lady is adored and adored to the utmost. By incorporating a "shepherd's hour" between the two of them, this clearly goes beyond the "pure" aspect of love. But it ends well, Engelhard marries Engeltrud and through her experiences social advancement to become King of Denmark.
The "Amicus and Amelius" fabric
The thematic template for the "Engelhard", with the exception of the Minne theme, is the "Amicus and Amelius" material. The first written treatment of the subject appears at the end of the 11th century. Radulfus Tortarius transcribes “Amicus and Amelius” in a Middle Latin verse adaptation. The "Amicus and Amelius" material contains three main elements, which can be found in a slightly modified form in "Engelhard". On the one hand, it is about the construction of equality in a friendship. This equality is established through mutual demonstration of loyalty. Another motive is the exchange of identity in a fight. The third main motif that Konrad von Würzburg adopts for his “Engelhard” is the healing of leprosy through the blood of previously sacrificed children. In contrast to Hartmann von Aue, the author of the poor Heinrich , Konrad presents the medical aspects more realistically and brings a catalog of signs to Leprashau in his work based on Avicenna's canon of medicine . In the prologue and epilogue, Konrad von Würzburg himself refers to a Latin model which he has translated. Konrad's treatment of the "Amicus and Amelius" material can be assigned to the "novel-like branch" . This is characterized by the "extensive stripping of the material from legendary - hagiographic motifs" .
literature
Text output
- Konrad von Würzburg: The tournament of Nantes. In: Edward Schröder (Ed.): Small seals by Konrad von Würzburg. Volume 2: The Swan Knight. The Nantes tournament. With an afterword by Ludwig Wolff . 3. Edition. Weidmann, Berlin 1959.
- Konrad von Würzburg: Engelhard (= Old German text library. No. 17). 3rd, revised edition of the edition by Paul Gereke, edited by Ingo Reiffenstein . Niemeyer, Tübingen 1982, ISBN 3-484-21117-2 .
- Konrad von Würzburg: Engelhard (= Göppingen work on German studies. Vol. 501). Translated into New High German based on the text by Ingo Reiffenstein, with a commentary and an afterword by Klaus Jörg Schmitz. Kümmerle, Göppingen 1989, ISBN 3-87452-738-7 .
- Hans-Hugo Steinhoff (Ed.): A beautiful Historia by Engelhart from Burgunt. The "Engelhard" Konrad von Würzburg in the illustration of the Frankfurt print from 1573 (= Litterae. Göppinger Contributions to Text History. No. 107). With a bibliographical note on Kilian Han. Kümmerle, Göppingen 1987, ISBN 3-87452-676-3 .
- M. Haupt: Engelhard. Leipzig 1844.
Secondary literature
- Reinhard Bleck: Reflections on the genesis of the works of Konrad von Würzburg, in which no client is named (= Viennese works on Germanic antiquity and philology. Vol. 29). Halosar, Vienna 1987, ISBN 3-900269-29-7 .
- Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg (= income from research. Vol. 249). Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1987, ISBN 3-534-09472-7 .
- Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg. Smaller epic works (= classics readings. Vol. 2). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Schmidt, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-503-09867-5 .
- Timothy R. Jackson: Type and Poetics. Studies on conveying meaning in the literature of the German Middle Ages (= Euphorion. Supplements. Vol. 45). Winter, Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 3-8253-1540-1 .
- Erich Kaiser: The subject of the incurable disease in "Poor Heinrich" Hartmann von Aue and in "Engelhard" Konrad von Würzburg and other Middle High German poems. Tübingen 1964 (Tübingen, University, phil. Dissertation, 1965).
- Hartmut Kokott: Konrad von Würzburg. An author between assignment and autonomy. Hirzel, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-7776-0465-8 (at the same time: Frankfurt am Main, University, habilitation paper, 1987).
- Inge Leipold: The clients and patrons of Konrad von Würzburg. Attempt of a theory of "literature as social action" (= Göppingen work on German studies. Vol. 176). Kümmerle, Göppingen 1976, ISBN 3-87452-308-X (also: Munich, University, dissertation, 1975).
- Günter Mayer: Problems with the transmission of chanting. Observations on the reception of Konrad von Würzburg in the late Middle Ages. Munich 1974 (Munich, university, dissertation, 1974).
- Wolfgang Monecke: Studies on the epic technique of Konrad von Würzburg. The narrative principle of "wildness" (= Germanistic treatises. Vol. 24, ISSN 0435-5903 ). With a foreword by Ulrich Pretzel . Metzler, Stuttgart 1968 (at the same time: Hamburg, University, habilitation paper, 1963).
- Oetjens, Lena: Amicus and Amelius In the European Middle Ages: Telling friendship in the context of the Roland tradition. Texts and investigations (= Munich texts and investigations on German literature of the Middle Ages. Volume 145). Reichert, Wiesbaden 2016.
- Elisabeth Rast: Comparison, parable, metaphor and allegory in Konrad von Würzburg. Mayr, Würzburg 1936 (Heidelberg, University, dissertation, 1934).
- Richard Schrodt: System and norm in the diachrony of the German subjunctive. The mode in Old High German content sentences (Otfrid von Weißenburg - Konrad von Würzburg) (= linguistic work. Vol. 131). Niemeyer, Tübingen 1983, ISBN 3-484-30131-7 .
- Silke Winst: Amicus and Amelius. Warrior friendship and violence in the medieval narrative tradition (= sources and research on literary and cultural history. Vol. 57 = (291)). de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-021263-1 (also: Berlin, Free University, dissertation, 2007/2008).
Individual evidence
- ^ Hartmut Kokott: Konrad von Würzburg. An author between assignment and autonomy. 1989, p. 44.
- ^ Hartmut Kokott: Konrad von Würzburg. An author between assignment and autonomy. 1989, p. 44.
- ^ Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg. Minor epic works. 2009, p. 130 f.
- ^ Hartmut Kokott: Konrad von Würzburg. An author between assignment and autonomy. 1989, p. 45 f.
- ↑ Konrad von Würzburg: Engelhard. 1982, verses 202-207.
- ↑ Konrad von Würzburg: Engelhard. 1982, verses 208-213.
- ↑ Konrad von Würzburg: Engelhard. 1982, verses 1846-1856.
- ↑ Konrad von Würzburg: Engelhard. 1982, verses 2360-2365.
- ↑ Konrad von Würzburg: Engelhard. 1982, verses 236-239.
- ^ Rüdiger Brand: Konrad von Würzburg. 1987, p. 142 f.
- ^ Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg. Small epic works. 2009, p. 117.
- ^ Hartmut Kokott: Konrad von Würzburg. An author between assignment and autonomy. 1989, p. 58 f.
- ^ Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg. Small epic works. 2009, p. 132 f.
- ^ Inge Leipold: The clients and patrons of Konrad von Würzburg. 1976, p. 133.
- ^ Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg. 1987, p. 79.
- ^ Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg. 1987, p. 79 f.
- ↑ Reinhard Bleck: Considerations on the genesis of the works of Konrad von Würzburg, in which no client is named. 1987, p. 55 f.
- ^ Konrad von Würzburg: The tournament of Nantes. In: Edward Schröder (Ed.): Small seals by Konrad von Würzburg. Volume 2: The Swan Knight. The Nantes tournament. 3. Edition. 1959.
- ↑ Reinhard Bleck: Considerations on the genesis of the works of Konrad von Würzburg, in which no client is named. 1987, p. 56.
- ↑ Reinhard Bleck: Considerations on the genesis of the works of Konrad von Würzburg, in which no client is named. 1987, p. 58.
- ↑ Hans-Hugo Steinhoff (Ed.): A beautiful Historia by Engelhart from Burgunt. 1987.
- ↑ See: Hans-Hugo Steinhoff (Ed.): A beautiful Historia by Engelhart from Burgunt. 1987, p. 1.
- ↑ See: Hans-Hugo Steinhoff (Ed.): A beautiful Historia by Engelhart from Burgunt. 1987, p. 2.
- ↑ See: Hans-Hugo Steinhoff (Ed.): A beautiful Historia by Engelhart from Burgunt. 1987, p. 3 f.
- ^ Hartmut Kokott: Konrad von Würzburg. An author between assignment and autonomy. 1989, p. 62 f.
- ^ Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg. Small epic works. 2009, p. 133 f.
- ^ Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg. Small epic works. 2009, p. 139.
- ↑ Silke Winst: Amicus and Amelius. Warrior friendship and violence in a medieval storytelling tradition. 2009.
- ↑ Lena Oetjens: Amicus and Amelius In the European Middle Ages: Telling of friendship in the context of the Roland tradition. Texts and investigations . 2016.
- ↑ Silke Winst: Amicus and Amelius. Warrior friendship and violence in a medieval storytelling tradition. 2009, p. 5 f.
- ^ Wolfgang Wegner: Medicine and Poetry (Late Middle Ages, 1250–1500). In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , pp. 932 f .; here: p. 932.
- ↑ Konrad von Würzburg: Engelhard. Verses 208-213; Verses 6492-6459.
- ^ A b Rüdiger Brandt: Konrad von Würzburg. 1987, p. 138.