Escrache

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Presentation of the Escrache against Jorge Videla on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the 1976 coup in Argentina

Escrache is a form of demonstration against people who are held responsible for grievances or crimes, mostly for violating human rights or political corruption .

Chants, banners, posters, music, graffiti and theater performances inform the public and especially the living environment that people live, shop or work at the demonstration locations.

The first Escraches in the late 1990s were directed against alleged leaders of the military dictatorships in South America , who subsequently tried to remain inconspicuous. In 2013 they took place for the first time in Spain as part of a popular petition of the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca .

etymology

The word escrache has found its way back into Spanish through South America, especially Argentina , and also into other languages, e.g. Portuguese . In 1879, Benigno B. Lugones documented the word escracho in the Lunfardo of the Río de la Plata . Escracho means fraud in the rogue language . The fraudster tries to sell a manipulated ticket that is on a list of award-winning tickets, whereby the selling price is lower than the supposedly redeemable prize.

The etymological origin of the word usage in South America is uncertain. The linguist Marcos Morínigo suspects the origin of the English verb to scratch in the meaning of scratching, rubbing . Another derivation refers to the Genoese word scraccé in the sense of an image , in a leaning use: a portrait of the face. From this second use then derives the meaning face and, more specifically, ugly or repulsive face and from there the verb escrachar with the meaning portray and the more recent use in the sense of hit the face, punch the face . In addition, Italian scaracio for spitting is mentioned as a further possible derivation.

For the Provencal language , escrachar is traced back to escratchá among others by Simon-Jude Honnorat with the meaning to burst, break and spit .

Historically, the use of the word escrache for socio-political accusations and exposure of personalities at the beginning of the 20th century, for example in connection with a tenant revolt.

Since 1995 this meaning of escrache has been revived by the human rights organization HIJOS to denote their demonstrations, which are directed against those pardoned by Carlos Menem (President of Argentina 1989-99) - either already convicted or suspected of crimes against humanity during the Argentine military dictatorship to have committed.

legitimacy

Poster in Galician of the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca

The escraches as a form of demonstration are controversial. The opponents see it outside of the legal framework, since the right to demonstrate does not cover this form. Demonstrations would have to be registered and approved by the authorities. In addition, the escraches are described as "unrestrained harassment" that violate the norms of peaceful coexistence. It is about "moral violence against people and institutions", even totalitarian, fascist, national socialist methods.

The proponents defend the escraches as social participation , but also as justified civil disobedience as soon as fundamental rights are endangered, especially if their defense is justified for ethical reasons, but the state, judiciary and laws do not guarantee them. In addition, these actions are legitimate because they take place non-violently, publicly and with announcement and also do not want to bring about a change in the democratic order, but aim to improve it.

In Spain, three major legal associations do not classify the escraches as a crime as long as there are no attacks and coercion. A fourth, however, expresses doubts about the legality, since it is a matter of intimidating elected parliamentarians. Gonzalo Moliner , chairman of the highest Spanish court, the Tribunal Supremo , sees the escraches as an expression of freedom of expression as long as they do not become violent.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Comisión Escrache (Spanish)
  2. ↑ Uma trinca do escracho, por Gaspari. advivo.com.br, accessed July 17, 2013 .
  3. ↑ Jose Gobello: Lunfardía. Introducción al estudio del lenguaje porteño . Ed. Argos, Buenos Aires 1953, OCLC 459432949 , p. 18 .
  4. ↑ Thomas Connelly: Diccionario nuevo y completo de las lenguas española è inglesa, inglesa y española . tape 2 . Imprenta Real, Madrid 1798, p. 383 ( hathitrust.org [accessed July 14, 2013]).
  5. ↑ Marcos Augusto Morinigo: Diccionario manual de americanismos . Muchnik Editores, 1966.
  6. ^ Daniel Devoto: La lengua de las tribus (De Guéret-Chaminadour a Santa María de los Buenos Aires) . In: Nueva revista de filología hispánica . tape 40 , no. 2 , 1992, ISSN  0185-0121 , p. 921-958 .
  7. ↑ Derivation by Roberto Bein in: Mario E. Teruggi: Panorama del lunfardo . 2nd Edition. Editorial Suramericana, Buenos Aires 1978, OCLC 5800906 , p. 192 .
  8. ^ Mario E. Teruggi: Panorama del lunfardo . 2nd Edition. Editorial Suramericana, Buenos Aires 1978, OCLC 5800906 , p. 192 .
  9. ↑ Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición: escrachar. rae.es, accessed July 16, 2013 .
  10. ^ Pedro Luis Barcia: Los vocablos de la crisis en el DiHA . In: Academia Argentina de Letras (ed.): Boletín de la Academia Argentina de Letras . tape LXVIII , no. 267–268 , 2003, ISSN  0001-3757 , pp. 15–22 ( cervantesvirtual.com [accessed July 16, 2013]).
  11. ↑ Simon Jude Honnorat: Dictionnaire provençal-français; ou, Dictionnaire de la langue d'oc, ancienne et modern, suivi d'un Vocabulaire français-provençal . 1847, p. 123 (French, archive.org ).
  12. ↑ Article . In: Caras y Caretas . No. 468 , September 21, 1907.
  13. ^ Donald S. Castro: "El sainete porteño" and Argentine Reality. The Tenant Strike of 1907 . In: Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association (Ed.): Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature . tape 44 , no. 1-2 , 1990, pp. 51-68 , JSTOR : 1347058 .
  14. ↑ Argentina: Coming to terms with the past (24/03/2006). bbc.co.uk, accessed July 16, 2013 .
  15. ↑ a b Legitimitat, límits i dubtes de l'Escrache. ara.cat, accessed July 15, 2013 .
  16. ^ ABC, el escrache y el "acoso salvaje". eldiario.es, accessed July 15, 2013 .
  17. ↑ Desterrar la cultura del “escrache”. lanacion.com.ar, accessed July 17, 2013 .
  18. ^ Carlos Balmaceda : El lado oscuro del escrache. (No longer available online.) Iruya.com, November 28, 2006, archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; accessed on May 20, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.iruya.com
  19. ^ Antecedente nazi del escrache (03/2013). larazon.es, accessed July 10, 2013 .
  20. ↑ Sebastián Cominello: Otra vez: ¿Qué es el escrache? In: Razón y Revolución . No. 13 , p. 39–45 ( razonyrevolucion.org [PDF; 325 kB ; accessed on July 16, 2013]).
  21. ^ Lo imposible sólo tarda un poco más. hijos-capital.org.ar, accessed July 16, 2013 .
  22. ↑ a b Las asociaciones de jueces no aprecian delito en los escraches a políticos. Infolibre.es, accessed July 16, 2013 .
  23. ↑ Moliner: “Los escraches pacíficos son una muestra de libertad de manifestación”. elpais.com, April 24, 2013, accessed July 16, 2013 .