Platform for Afectados por la Hipoteca

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The Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca [ pla.ta'foɾma ðe afek'taðos poɾ la ipo'teka ], PAH for short , was founded in Barcelona in February 2009 as a non-party citizens' initiative in the context of the far-reaching Spanish real estate and economic crisis since 2007 in Barcelona . It mainly supports those affected by the crisis who are threatened by foreclosure and who can no longer service their mortgages. The PAH is represented throughout Spain through local and regional associations. In addition to help and support for those affected, including the non-violent prevention of evictions on site, the PAH became known throughout Europe in 2013 through the dispute over the parliamentary acceptance and design of a legislative initiative initiated by the PAH . The aim of the legislative initiative is a socially acceptable and fair distribution of the consequences of the real estate and economic crisis. Especially since a parliamentary hearing in February 2013 as the representative of the PAH as part of the legislative initiative, Ada Colau has become a nationally well-known figure in Spanish civil society .

Based on Obama's election motto in the 2008 presidential election campaign Yes we can , one of the PAH's best-known lemmas is “Sí se puede” ( Yes, you can or Yes, it works ).

Forms of organization and action

Poster in Galician of the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca

The PAH sees itself as a horizontal and not hierarchically organized association of local platforms in which those affected and people in solidarity work together on site: "The most important thing about the PAH are your local groups ..." Self-statement. Participation in the various regular plenaries and other collaborations do not require membership and are based on the Asamblea principle . Offers and help from the groups are completely free. Meetings usually take place on a weekly basis with a focus on collective advice and action planning. In addition, there are regular working groups on social help and mutual support and bank-specific meetings in the context of the different expropriation and eviction strategies of the respective banks.

The PAH's public forms of action include symbolic occupations of banks, collective resistance against evictions from apartments and the South American form of protest Escrache , which the PAH uses in the living and working environment of politicians in Spain. In the context of the escraches , in particular , there were ongoing public discussions about the limits and legitimacy of civil society forms of protest.

The PAH is commonly seen as part of the Spanish protest movement , the Movimiento 15-M , which has been going on since 2011 . Work connections within the framework of initiatives also exist with trade unions and initiatives such as the Observatorio Desc , a socio-political think tank on economic, social and cultural basic rights.

Practice, legitimation and initiatives (selection)

According to its self-image, the PAH relies primarily on helping people to help themselves . For this purpose, in addition to the analysis of individual cases in regular asambleas , material is developed and provided with the help of which those affected can record both the lengthy negotiations with banks and the legal processes and actively shape them in their interest. If necessary, the respective groups on site support those affected with solidarity campaigns. In addition to the continuous work on site, the PAH sees itself as an overarching socio-political actor with the specific concern of enforcing the constitutional guaranteed basic right to dignified and appropriate living space. The PAH derives the ideological justification for this from the stipulated constitutional mandate itself: “The public authority promotes the necessary prerequisites and sets the corresponding regulations for the effective application of this law. It regulates the use of the land in the general interest and to prevent speculation. The community participates in the increase in value that arises through urban development measures by the public sector. ”In addition, the PAH sees itself legitimized by the following socio-economic conclusion on the real estate crisis:“ Spain indulged in the boom in the construction industry for years. More apartments were built than in Germany, Italy and France combined. But this overproduction did not lead to more favorable access conditions. On the contrary. Denying the neoliberal dogma, the prices rose incessantly, turning Spain into one of the countries of the European Community with the most expensive prices for the use of housing. "

Total debt repayment through transfer of ownership (Dación en pago)

The PAH favors the American model ( nonrecourse debt ) of repaying the debt by transferring ownership of the apartment to the creditor as a solution for the foreclosure of mortgages by creditors . Mortgage contracts based on this model are legally possible, but virtually non-existent in practice. Through pressure on creditor banks from the debtors themselves as well as actions based on solidarity, the PAH tries to implement this model for those affected in the context of foreclosure proceedings as a negotiated solution if it is foreseeable that considerable residual debts remain. The introduction of the dación en pago as a rule for main residences and not an exception for mortgage contracts is cited as the first article of the legislative initiative. The retrospective application to ongoing proceedings, insofar as a foreclosure auction or eviction has not yet occurred, is also required in the third article of the bill.

Stop evictions and subsequent social rent

Here, too, the PAH works with solidarity-based actions on site to prevent evictions in the wake of foreclosures. According to its own information (as of 2013), the PAH prevented 724 evictions by the judicial authorities across Spain. In the legislative initiative, the requirement for a suspension of evictions is introduced as a second article and supplemented by the requirement for social rent for expropriated apartment owners, whereby the rental period in this case is to be limited to five years and 30% of household income. Here, too, the PAH formulates the condition that the foreclosure must affect the main residence.

Legislative initiative

In order to implement the socio-political goals, the PAH has been working on a bill since 2011 as part of a popular petition , an Iniciativa Legislativa Popular (ILP) based on its ideas on debt repayment, evictions and subsequent social rent. Roughly outlined, the legal implementation provisions in Spain require the formal examination of the initiative by the Presidium of Parliament, followed by a nine-month campaign with a quorum of at least 500,000 accredited signatures from eligible voters, as well as the subsequent parliamentary acceptance by the Congreso de los Diputados for a further parliamentary reading . Of all 66 initiatives since 1978, the PAH's legislative initiative achieved the second highest level of support with more than 1.4 million votes, although the ruling party Partido Popular only changed its negative stance under pressure from public opinion during the parliamentary debate on acceptance. The rest of the parties represented in parliament had announced their consent to further deliberations. On February 12, 2013, the legislative initiative was brought to parliament for further discussion with 333 votes and one abstention.

For the PAH, the legislative initiative represents a catalog of legal minimum measures, the rejection or modification of which by the government entitles the PAH to "increase the tone of its actions and protests". Due to the escraches informativos used as leverage by the PAH against individual politicians of the ruling party during the legislative process, bitter disputes ensue in the Spanish media and courts. Some of the politicians affected are filing charges because, as elected democratic representatives, they feel that they have been blackmailed and coerced and that their privacy has been violated.

On March 18, 2013, the PAH and the other supporters announced that the parliamentary draft resolution no longer reflected the content of the legislative initiative introduced and withdrew it, which, like all other popular legislative initiatives before, - with one exception - failed. In surveys, the initiative achieved up to 90% popular support across all political camps. In the course of the dispute, the PAH expanded its motto “Sí se puede” ( Yes, you can ) to include “Pero no quieren” ( But they do not want to ) and accused the MPs of not wanting to see that human lives were at stake.

In the course of the legislative process, the European Court of Justice declared provisions of Spanish mortgage and foreclosure law to be incompatible with European consumer protection. The government promised to remedy the situation with the measures finally adopted by parliament on May 14, 2013 as part of the ongoing legislative process. In large parts of the public opinion, as well as by the PAH, the adopted measures and legal regulations are criticized as inadequate or even contrary to the constitution and human rights. The time limit of one month from the entry into force for objecting to unfair contractual clauses in existing foreclosure proceedings in the sense of the judgment of the ECJ and the lack of an active communication policy on the part of the government on this matter were assessed by the Catalan Bar Association as an attempt to cover up to the renewed disadvantage of those concerned.

In its statement requested by the Spanish government, the European Central Bank expresses itself cautiously about the chances of success and states, also in social terms, how it is interpreted, that further measures would have to be decided that would help solve the underlying problems.

PAH welfare organization

In September 2011 the PAH announced the occupation of apartments and houses in order to give them to those affected and declared this as a welfare work . Those affected are also supported in re-occupying their expropriated apartments, provided they so wish and the apartment is vacant. Further goals of the campaign are, in addition to directly helping to increase the pressure on banks, to accept total debt repayment through the transfer of property ( dación en pago ), and to urge the state to act in accordance with its constitutional mandate. In April 2013, the PAH reported eight blocks of houses in Catalonia .

Causes and Background

Demonstration in front of a bank branch in Málaga for the remainder of debts after the apartment has been transferred to the creditor bank, 07/07/2012
Development of condominium prices in Spain 1985–2012.

For Spain it is often found that home ownership is culturally preferred over tenancy. In the scientific literature, regulatory measures from the time of Franquism are cited as constitutive. There was a severe housing shortage in the 1940s and 1950s. At the same time, up to 50% of the Spanish population lived in rental apartments in the 1950s. In order to create incentives for residential construction, rents were subsequently frozen in order to encourage investment in new construction and home purchases. This policy was continued in 1964 with new rental legislation, which on the one hand allowed unlimited rental contracts on favorable terms, but on the other hand created no incentives for maintenance by landlords or for renting new apartments. In 1985, during the reign of Felipe González , this policy was continued under the opposite direction with the Boyer Decree (Real Decreto 2/1985 of 30/04/1985). Manuel Aznar López , brother of the former Prime Minister José María Aznar , as a renowned expert for social affairs, labor and child protection, rated the effects in 1998 as a measure that should and should be among the "most prominent anti-social measures of the 20th century in Spain" this also led to a paradox, since the decree, contrary to its documented motivation, led to excessive rent increases, and at the same time continued the negative effects of the 1964 legislation by granting long transition periods for old rental agreements. One of the most important formal changes in the decree was based at the same time in the stipulation of fixed, mostly shorter terms; In 1995 new leases were limited to five years. Due to another amendment, the standard term of rental contracts was limited to three years with Act 4/2013 on measures to make the rental housing market more flexible and to promote it.

In summary for the period of democratic Spain, a study critically stated that none of the countless regulatory measures, also in connection with the public promotion of social home ownership, “was able to prevent speculation, as is Article 47 of the 1st title of the Constitution of 1978 prescribes “and thus to guarantee the constitutionally enshrined basic right to a dignified and appropriate home.

In detail, countless other factors can be named that led to a massive increase in private household bankruptcies with the outbreak of the economic crisis in 2008, including:

  • the political promotion of the construction industry as a main engine of the Spanish economic miracle by the governments of José Maria Aznar and José Luis Zapatero , with the result that Spain built more homes than Germany, France and Italy combined during the reigns of both
  • the resulting need to expand the buyer's market to include social risk groups such as immigrants, households with low household incomes and precarious work situations, and to grant loans with ever longer terms of 30, 40 and more years in order to make the monthly burden calculable
  • sharp rise in unemployment and the associated decrease in household income while the financial mortgage burden remains the same
  • mortgage legislation that is advantageous for banks
  • the estimated values ​​determined by pressure from the banks and driven upwards, which led to higher nominal indebtedness and burdens
  • frequent mortgages of up to 100% and more of the estimated value without requiring an equity base, as is common in many European countries
  • Guarantees from third parties, mostly relatives, which are often linked to residential property that has already been paid off, and who thereby run the risk of being expropriated themselves
  • Decline in market prices since the beginning of the crisis with effects on foreclosures in the context of foreclosure . The legal surcharge limit was usually 60% of the original estimated value until May 2013 and was increased to 70% of the estimated value in May 2013. However, as before the amendment, statutory exceptions allow surcharges to 50% of the original estimated value.
  • legally questionable to unlawful contractual clauses

The resulting, highly contradicting structural problems are illustrated by the following statistical data:

  • Already in the period between 1985 and 1991, the share of family income expenditure when buying a home rises from 34.3 to 57.3%, taking into account the tax incentives, adjusted for these from 46.6 to 70%. From 2000, 2001 to 2007 there was a massive increase in house prices of almost 300%, while wages and salaries only rose in the same period as an average of the annual inflation rates. The debt of private households compared to household income increases from 45% to 140% in the period from 1995 to 2008
  • Around 700,000 vacant, newly built residential units intended for sale were already officially reported in the first half of 2011. In Spain, as of 2008, almost four million apartments are empty out of a total of over 26 million residential units.
  • In contrast, there are more than 100,000 foreclosures for 2012 alone, of which 43,853 are based on apartment expropriations due to unpaid mortgages and 54,718 on rental apartments. In the case of condominiums, up to 75% are the main residences of the buyer and their families. The PAH itself estimates that more than 400,000 homes have been expropriated since the first signs of the crisis in 2007. Due to the lack of uniform and independent data collection, the data differ by source, just as there is no reliable number on the number of people affected in the context of this real estate crisis, which, however, is up to three times higher if the average family size of 2, 74 members in around 16 million households. The lack of reliable barometers with standardized survey and evaluation criteria on the part of the public sector is often criticized by the media and by the opposition. Judicial authorities and land registries are therefore currently the best sources.

criticism

As recently as 2012, the PAH was seen more as another offshoot of the disparate Movimiento 15M , more of a youthful subculture that seeks the “expression of group identity” in a self-referential way and at the same time could hardly realize “comprehensive objectives of a legally incorporated social institution”. At the latest with the legislative initiative and the accompanying signature campaign, however, the PAH is a politically relevant entity similar to the parties and unions. In the accompanying hearing before the Economic Committee on February 5, 2013, there was the first major confrontation with strong media reverberation between critics and the PAH. In his intervention, the representative of the Spanish Bankers Association explained the Spanish mortgage market and the accompanying legislation on social achievement, which has enabled 82% of the Spanish population to buy property with the most favorable financing conditions and terms. For the problems of a few, barely more than 3%, a perfectly functioning system should by no means be changed and blamed. In addition, the banks reject all the proposed measures of the PAH, with reference to enormous economic collateral damage, such as an impending devaluation by rating agencies, falling housing market prices, increasing credit prices and a general economic loss of confidence. At the same time, payment behavior would be weakened. The principle of universal private liability is internationally recognized and must be preserved. The origin of the current financial and economic crisis would be precisely where it would not have been used. At most, one can help individual cases with temporary and extraordinary measures. Only on the question of possible over-indebtedness of private households through excessive lending does the banking association admit a possible need for action in the future.

As a representative of the PAH before the committee, Ada Colau's answer and with it Ada Colau himself became famous: “I assure you, yes, I assure you that I did not throw a shoe on this man's head because I believed it was important To tell you what I am about to say. This gentleman is a criminal and you should treat him as such ... He's not an expert. The representatives of the banks caused this problem. These are the people ... who have ruined the entire country and you continue to treat them as experts. ”In her remarks, she describes the Spanish mortgage and housing market as a systematic, state-sponsored fraud.

Subsequently, the PAH achieved approval ratings of up to 90% for its demands in the population in public opinion polls by renowned demoscopic institutes.

Escrache

As announced, from the beginning of March 2013 the PAH will increase the tone of the dispute over its bill with demonstrations in front of private homes and in the working environment of MPs and members of the Partido Popular, which ruled with an absolute majority. The Partido Popular and the government regard these actions as violence, coercion, threats and blackmail of elected representatives. The government representative of the Delegación de Madrid , Cristina Cifuentes, sees the PAH and Ada Colau as comparable to Basque terrorism , or even connected. The resistance against evictions is nothing more than Kale borroka . The general secretary of the Partido Popular, Maria Dolores de Cospedal , describes the escraches as " pure Nazism ". In addition, the Partido Popular sees itself politically stigmatized, since the escraches only affect politicians of their party, but not politicians of the PSOE , since this problem would also be a legacy from their reign. Parallels to the Weimar Republic , the persecution of the Jews and National Socialism are also drawn in political comments .

In an instruction from the Ministry of the Interior, the police are instructed to determine personal data during the Escraches and to ensure a security cordon of up to 300 meters. In police protocols, the word escrache should be replaced by harassment, threats and coercion. The attorney general at the same time instructs his authority to inform about the escraches and announces the review of the criminal relevance and consequences. The former general secretary of the Alianza Popular , the predecessor party of the Partido Popular, Jorge Verstrynge, after participating in an escrache in front of the apartment of the government spokeswoman Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría : "Personally, I have nothing against Soraya, that is not the question, the question is that there is an Iniciativa Legislativa Popular and the politicians have to listen to the people, if they don't listen and treat them like dogs, they will bite at some point, now they just bark. "

Also in parts of the opposition, especially PSOE , UPyD or CiU , strong criticism of the means of the escraches is occasionally exercised. Often there is a request to constitute oneself as a party and to adhere to the democratic rules of the game, since the escraches are anti-democratic. Ada Colau answered this in a radio interview: "A civil society movement does not necessarily have to turn into a party ... The two-party system and the party system do not work and democracy has to be re-established ... We have to regain democracy and get them back as individuals perceive directly. "

Proponents like the PAH itself refer to the basic right of freedom of speech and assembly and also point out that all actions of the PAH are in principle non-violent. In an open letter to the Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy , Ada Colau relates evictions to the escraches : “And, finally, we are talking about the escraches . It bothers them that we can protest in front of their apartments. I understand that. I wouldn't like that either. But once they witnessed an eviction, they would understand that it is something infinitely more disruptive. "

In the course of the campaign, there are judicial complaints by politicians of the Partido Popular for coercion, blackmail, insult and threat. These allegations were rejected by the PAH and responded to with a series of contraindications accusing politicians of defamation and false testimony. It is known about the ongoing proceedings that the government spokeswoman's complaint was judicially rejected because it was a peaceful and permissible protest in the public street. The Partido Popular's deputy general secretary, Esteban González Pons , has to prove in court that his allegations against the PAH were well founded. Ada Colau has also announced a complaint against the government delegates Christina Cifuentes in Madrid, among other things, for “activating fascism ” and associated threats against her family.

In an international context it is pointed out that pressure on individual politicians similar to that of the escraches is part of everyday political life, for example in the United States. Even after several months of disputes between the government and the PAH, the opinion barometers reflect the poor support of the PAH within the population. At the same time, the PAH is attested in an expert opinion that it is an effective civil society opposition in view of a party-political opposition that is fragmented and weak.

With the conclusion of the legislative process, the PAH announces the end of the escraches , but reserves the right to use them again.

European Citizen Award

The awarding of the European Citizens' Prize 2013 to the PAH has been heavily criticized by politicians from the ruling party Partido Popular and by the media. The allegations range from “The European Parliament rewards coercion” in the subtitle of an opinion article in the Spanish newspaper ABC to the attack on the European Community itself by Esperanza Aguirre : “This message alone would be enough to arouse the indignation of any European who is aware that the values that sustain the idea of Europe, freedom, human dignity, the equality of all citizens before the law, property, the rule of law and the rule of law ( rule of law ) are ... it caused outrage in I realize once again that the bureaucracy and the Brussels authorities live completely remote from the citizens. ”The ruling party calls on the European Parliament to withdraw the prize. The list of award winners from different countries was agreed upon with the votes of the representatives of the European People's Party , to which the Partido Popular also belongs.

Germany and Europe

Internationally, the human right to adequate housing is promoted and monitored by the United Nations, but also by initiatives such as Amnesty International . In addition, initiatives similar to those of the PAH are also working in countries such as France and Germany, such as the “Prevent evictions” initiative.

At the same time, an increase in evictions is noted for Germany.

In a further context of the positions represented by the PAH as well as the human right to adequate housing, a large number of proactive civil society initiatives at the local level, such as social rental housing construction under civil society or a round table on communal living in the city of Mannheim, can be understood.

Prizes and awards (selection)

See also

literature

  • Manuel Aznar López: El pretendido Estado del Bienestar para España: Elementos para una evaluación . In: Ludolfo Paramio Rodrigo, et al. (Ed.): Estado de Bienestar: Perspectivas y límites (=  Estudios ). tape 47 . Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca 1998, ISBN 84-89958-25-4 , pp. 81-115 .
  • Ada Colau, Adrià Alemany: Vidas hipotecadas. De la burbuja inmobiliaria al derecho a la vivienda . 1st edition. Angle Editorial - Cuadrilátero de Libros, Barcelona 2012, ISBN 978-84-940037-3-8 , p. 216 ( online [PDF; accessed June 30, 2013]).
  • Ada Colau, Adrià Alemany: ¡Sí se puede! Crónica de una pequeña gran victoria . 1st edition. Editorial Destino, Barcelona 2013, ISBN 978-84-233-4690-5 , p. 96 .
  • Ada Colau, Adrià Alemany: 2007 - 2012: Retrospectiva sobre Desahucios y Ejecuciones hiptecarias en España, Estadísticas oficiales e Indicadores . PAH, Barcelona 2013 ( online (PDF; 1.3 MB) [accessed July 2, 2013]).
  • Manuel Hernández Pedreño (Ed.): Vivienda y exclusión residencial . 1st edition. edit.um, Murcia 2013, ISBN 978-84-15463-72-6 , pp. 321 ( online [accessed June 30, 2013]).
  • Miloon Kothari: Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living - Addendum Mission to Spain (A / HRC / 7/16 / Add.2) . UN, New York, Ginebra 2008 ( online [accessed July 3, 2013]).
  • José Luis Merino Hernández: Comentarios a la Ley 1/2013, de 14 de Mayo de Medidas para Reforzar la Protección de los Deudores Hipotecarios, Reestructuración de Deuda y Alquiler Social . Grupo Francis Lefebvre, Madrid 2013 ( online (PDF; 857 kB) [accessed July 7, 2013]).
  • PAH, u. a .: Proposición de ley de regulación de la dación en pago, de paralización de los desahucios y de alquiler social . quenotehipotequenlavida.org, Madrid 2011 ( online (PDF; 76 kB) [accessed on June 30, 2013] Title in German: Bill for the remission of residual debts through the transfer of housing to creditors, the suspension of ongoing eviction proceedings and subsequent social rent. ).

Web links

  • afectadosporlahipoteca.com , Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (Spanish, accessed 30/06/2013)
  • stopdesahucios.es , Open Forum of the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (Spanish, accessed 30/06/2013)
  • escrache.afectadosporlahipoteca.com , Escrache - Hay vidas en juego. (Spanish, accessed 04/07/2013)
  • observatoridesc.org , Observatorio Desc - Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (English, accessed 30/06/2013)
  • ohchr.org , United Nations: Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context (English, accessed 03/07/2013)
  • fgw-ev.de , Nationwide Days of Community Living 2012 (German, accessed 11/07/2013)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Real estate crisis in Spain: The Exiles of Madrid. spiegel.de, accessed on June 30, 2013 .
  2. ↑ The PAH offers the translation Yes, we can! for “Sí, se puede”. In the sense of expanding the lemma to include the answer in connection with the escraches to include “Pero no quieren”, the translation seems to be yes, one can better express the intention in Spanish.
  3. ↑ La plataforma. afectadosporlahipoteca.com, accessed June 30, 2013 .
  4. ↑ Cómo contactar con la PAH. afectadosporlahipoteca.com, accessed June 30, 2013 .
  5. ↑ Agenda. (No longer available online.) Pahbarcelona.org, archived from the original on April 3, 2013 ; Retrieved June 30, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pahbarcelona.org
  6. ↑ The Spaniards find their new form of protest. rp-online.de, accessed on July 1, 2013 .
  7. ^ Promoters. quenotehipotequenlavida.org, accessed June 30, 2013 .
  8. ^ Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain (1978). Verassungen.eu, accessed on July 1, 2013 .
  9. ^ Ada Colau, Adrià Alemany: Vidas hipotecadas. De la burbuja inmobiliaria al derecho a la vivienda . 1st edition. Angle Editorial - Cuadrilátero de Libros, Barcelona 2012, ISBN 978-84-940037-3-8 , p. 27 f . (Translated excerpt from the Spanish original: "España se entregó durante años a la fiesta inmobiliaria. Se construyeron más viviendas que en Alemania, Italia y Francia juntas. Pero esta sobreproducción no se tradujo nunca en una mayor accesibilidad. Al contrario. Desmintiendo elma neoliberal, los precios no dejaron de aumentar, lo que convirtió a España en uno de los países de la Unión Europea donde el acceso a la vivienda resultaba más caro. ").
  10. ↑ Decreto de 8 de febrero de 1946, por el que se aprueba la nueva redacción oficial de la Ley Hipotecaria (Vigente hasta el 15 de Mayo de 2013). juridicas.com, accessed July 1, 2013 .
  11. ^ Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca. (No longer available online.) Afectadosporlahipoteca.com, archived from the original on July 8, 2013 ; Retrieved June 30, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / afectadosporlahipoteca.com
  12. ↑ Ley Orgánica 3/1984, de 26 de marzo, reguladora de la iniciativa legislativa popular. juridicas.com, accessed July 1, 2013 .
  13. ↑ Una iniciativa legislativa popular recoge casi un millón y medio de firmas por la dación en pago (08/02/2013). 20minutos.es, accessed July 1, 2013 .
  14. ↑ El PP rectifica ante la presión social y acepta ahora debatir la iniciativa popular para la dación en pago (02/12/2013). publico.es, accessed July 1, 2013 .
  15. ↑ El PP se queda solo en su rechazo a tramitar la ILP contra los desahucio (12/02/2013). gara.naiz.info, accessed July 1, 2013 .
  16. ↑ Las PAH de todo el estado convocan manifestaciones el 16 de febrero y anuncian un aumento de la presión social si no se aprueba la ILP (21/01/2013). afectadosporlahipoteca.com, accessed July 2, 2013 .
  17. ↑ Referendum successful in Spain (13/02/2013). taz.de, accessed on July 2, 2013 .
  18. ↑ Los promotores de la iniciativa popular sobre desahucios la retiran del Congreso (18/04/2013). elmundo.es, accessed July 2, 2013 .
  19. ↑ Las entidades promotoras de la ILP por la dación en pago han decidido retirarla del Congreso (03/18/2013). quenotehipotequenlavida.org, accessed July 2, 2013 .
  20. ↑ Debt Relief? Nothing! (19/04/2013). taz.de, accessed on July 2, 2013 .
  21. ↑ Los desahucios unen a los votantes (17/02/2013). elpais.com, accessed July 8, 2013 .
  22. ↑ Hay Vidas en Juego - campaña para que los diputados conozcan por qué tienen que votar favorablemente a las medidas de la ILP hipotecaria. (No longer available online.) Afectadosporlahipoteca.com, archived from the original on June 22, 2013 ; Retrieved July 2, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / escrache.afectadosporlahipoteca.com
  23. ^ Judgment of the ECJ in the case C ‑ 415/11 (14/03/2013). curia.europa.eu, accessed on July 2, 2013 .
  24. ↑ Ley 1/2013, de 14 de mayo, de medidas para reforzar la protección a los deudores hipotecarios, reestructuración de deuda y alquiler social (15/05/2013). boe.es, accessed July 2, 2013 .
  25. ↑ Ley de Protección de los Deudores: Una respuesta Insuficiente. uab.cat, accessed July 13, 2013 .
  26. ↑ Respuesta de la PAH a la Ley 1/2013 del Partido Popular: una ley inútil, ilegal y que vulnera derechos humanos. afectadosporlahipoteca.com, accessed July 2, 2013 .
  27. ↑ Se agota el plazo para denunciar cláusulas hipotecarias abusivas (11/06/2013). elperiodico.com, accessed July 2, 2013 .
  28. ↑ El BCE, los jueces y los desahucios (24/06/2013). cincodias.com, accessed July 2, 2013 .
  29. ^ Obra Social La PAH. Nueva Campaña! (04/09/2011). PAH, accessed July 2, 2013 .
  30. ↑ La Obra Social de la PAH - Google Maps. PAH, accessed July 2, 2013 .
  31. ↑ Mª Isabel Sánchez-Mora, Esther Clavero, Salvador Manzanera: Políticas de Vivienda en España y la región de Murcia . In: Manuel Hernández Pedreño (ed.): Vivienda y exclusión residencial . edit.um, Murcia 2013, ISBN 978-84-15463-72-6 , pp. 53-77 .
  32. ↑ Manuel Aznar López: El pretendido Estado del Bienestar para España: Elementos para una evaluación . In: Ludolfo Paramio Rodrigo, et al. (Ed.): Estado de Bienestar: Perspectivas y límites (=  Estudios ). tape 47 . Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca 1998, ISBN 84-89958-25-4 , pp. 98 .
  33. ↑ Real Decreto-ley 2/1985, de 30 de April, sobre Medidas de Política Económica. (09/05/1985). boe.es, accessed July 1, 2013 .
  34. ↑ Primeras impresiones sobre la reforma de la ley del alquiler (06/06/2013). cincodias.com, accessed July 11, 2013 .
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  56. ↑ Boletín 35 - Conciliación de datos sobre ejecuciones hipotecarias y desahucios (06/2013). (PDF) (No longer available online.) Poderjudicial.es, formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 1, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.poderjudicial.es  
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  94. ↑ La Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca y la Real Academia de la Lengua Vasca: Premio Ciudadano Europeo 2013. (No longer available online.) Europarl.es, archived from the original on June 20, 2013 ; Retrieved June 30, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.europarl.es
  95. ↑ Los impulsores de la ILP hipotecaria reciben el premio Lluís Companys (07/06/2013). (No longer available online.) Abc.es, archived from the original on June 7, 2013 ; Retrieved July 1, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.abc.es