Esperantide

Esperantid or Esperantoid is the name of any planned language that is strongly influenced by Esperanto . Mundolinco , proposed by J. Braakman as early as 1888, one year after the publication of Esperanto, is considered to be the first Esperantid .

The only Esperantid that has ever had a notable movement of followers is Ido . Many Esperantids are influenced by Ido rather than Esperanto.

Characteristics

Claus Killing-Günkel coined the term . He lists the following characteristics of Esperantids:

• an alphabet that has been changed compared to Esperanto, mostly without an upper sign, for example ch instead of ĉ, j instead of ĝ, kh or k instead of ĥ, j or zh instead of ĵ, sh or x instead of ŝ, w or u instead of ŭ
• fewer Germanic stems in favor of Romance stems, for example regreti instead of bedaŭri (= regret), segun instead of laŭ (= according to, loud), sembli instead of ŝajni (= seem as if)
• other grammatical endings, e.g. -e instead of -o for nouns , -mente instead of -e for adverbs
• a changed affix system , for example nol- instead of mal- (= un-)
• an extended or naturalistic correlative table, for example semper instead of ĉiam (= always), ubi instead of kie (= where), omni instead of ĉiuj (= all), alies instead of aliula (= from someone else)
• the introduction of a conjugation , for example in Unitario and Linguna:

Unitario	Linguna	Esperanto	German
ego faras	facym	mi faras	I do
tuo faras	dzi fácias	vi faras	are you doing
ilo faras	li / shi / id / to fácias	li/ŝi/ĝi faras	he / she / it does
numos faramas	fáciams	ni faras	we do
wätos faramas	vi fáciaz	vi faras	you do
loros faramas	illi / illai fáciaz	ili faras	they do

One of the big criticisms of Esperanto is the simplification of opposing words. While in almost all natural languages ​​many opposite words have their roots in different word stems ( e.g. good - bad ), in Esperanto these are formed from the positive word and the prefix mal- ( bona - mal bona ). Many Esperantids, such as Linguna, took this as an opportunity to build their own word stems on such opposite pairs in order to achieve a stronger naturalness of the language.

Classifications

There are several possible classifications :

• only alternative alphabet or only alternative grammar or only alternative vocabulary or a mixture of these three types
• Bijective or non-bijective Esperantid: with the bijective there is a one-to-one assignment, for example ed instead of kaj in all cases, but not with the non-bijective Esperantid such as Ido , in which the ending -a corresponds to both -a and -aj in Esperanto. or as in Linguna short -a for adjective singular, long -a for feminine singular. Another example of non-bijectivity is the division of sed (= but, but) into ma (= but) and sed (= but); see e.g. B. in Linguna: sed (= but, but),… mentau (= but followed by), noá (= but - in sharp contrast, against).
• Reduction or enlargement of the alphabet and / or the grammar and / or the vocabulary, for example the smaller, 17-letter alphabet by Estève on the one hand and the three infinitives -ar, -ir, -or of the Ido instead of the -i in Esperanto on the other
• More naturalistic or more schematic than Esperanto, for example qu or qv instead of kv and kande, lore, nultempe instead of kiam, tiam, neniam (= when, then, never) are more naturalistic, but me, vo, lo, mes, vos, los instead of mi , vi, li, ni, vi, ili (= I, you, he, we, you, she) more schematic, because 'mi' came from the English accented "me", 'vi' from the Bulgarian-Slavic "vi- e ”, 'li' from the Italian 'gli', 'ni' from the Bulgarian 'ni-e', 'ili' from the Latin 'illes' in Esperanto
• the native tongue, for example the Spanish Esperantid by McCoy: "tias homos sendin tre bonas comentos e articolos" instead of "tiuj homoj sendis tre bonajn komentojn kaj artikolojn" (= these people sent in very good comments and articles)
• Stability of Esperantid, for example authors like Pleyer or Goeres (Linguna, in its phase Esperanto Moderna between 1980 and 1992) changed the grammar and the vocabulary and even the alphabet at least every year
• Another distinction is that between fictional and non-fictional Esperantids. Fictional Esperantids are those who only pursue literary goals and do not want to be a new planned language. Adjuvilo and Arcaicam Esperantom , for example, are fictitious . The non-fictional ones can in turn be subdivided into radical projects and compromise forms: radical is, for example, Ido, compromise forms are Antido and Intal .

There are Esperantids, like Ido or the other projects by René de Saussure , which the author himself describes as such or because their structure makes the relationship obvious. Other Esperantids are declared as such, although one can hardly see the relationship to Esperanto as in the case of Romanal . Many projects are not immediate Esperantids, but reform projects of one or more Esperantids.

The many reforms are based on the conviction of their authors that the Esperanto language structure is to blame for the not yet international breakthrough of Esperanto. The characteristics of the Esperantids often change from generation to generation: While more English, French and Spanish elements were required in the first half of the 20th century, the Eurocentrism of Esperanto has been criticized more and more since the end of the century.

Zamenhof said that "one forgets that the world does not accept an international language because of one or the other detail, but only out of distrust of the matter itself". He himself recognized that his Esperanto is not perfect, but only suitable. And suitability is enough. No planned language has such a long tradition, such great stability and such numerous speakers as Esperanto.

Some Esperantids

A.

• Adjuvanto (Beaufront)
• Adjuvilo (Claudius Colas)
• Antido (de Saussure, 1907)
• Arcaicam Esperantom , fictional dialect of an archaic Esperanto

D.

• Dutalingue (1908)

E.

• Eo , shortened roots (1926)
• Esk (M. Sendahl, Brazilo, 1912 or 1913)
• Espenov
• Esperando (2000)
• Esperant ' , alternative jargon
• Esperanta
• Esperanto de DLT , translation system (1983)
• Esperanto moderna
• Esperanto sen flexio
• Esperantida (de Saussure, 1919)
• Esperantido
• Esperantuisho

F.

• Framasona Esperanto , special jargon

I.

• Idido
• I do
• Italico (Triola, 1909)

K

• Concordio (de Saussure)

L.

• Latin-Esperanto , (Giuliano Vanghetti, 1911. Vocabulary from the Latino sen fleksio by Peano with the grammar of Esperanto)
• Latin Ido (Giuliano Vanghetti, influenced by Ido )
• Linguna - Língua cosmopolita (H. Dito Goeres, 1992, born from Esperanto, with Hellenic-Latin influence)
• Linguo internationala (Evacustes Phipson, Groydon, 1908)
• Lingvo monde (Wladislas Kozlowski, San Diego, 1949)
• Logo (Edgar Darde, Makcjevka, 1907)

M.

• Menimo (Diego Starrenburg, Valencia, 1922)
• Moderna Esperanto (Teddy Hagner, Houston, 1958)
• Moon lango

N

• Normlingva Esperanto , technical jargon
• Novam (1928)
• Nov-Esperanto (de Saussure, 1925)
• Nuv-Esperanto (J. Barral, 1910-12)

O

• Ortologia Esperanto

P

• Poliespo , polysynthetic, for the Cherokee language
• Popido , fictional

R.

• Reform Espranto (1910)
• Romanal (1912)

S.

• Sen: esepera , with 14 consonants (1996)
• Sintesal (N. Rubinin, Rusio, 1931)
• Slava Esperanto (Josef Konechný, 1912)
• Spelling (Johano Kubacki, Indiana, 1949)

U

• Unitario (1987)
• Universal (1923–1928)
• Universala lingva kodo , fictional

V

• Vikto (1981)

X

• Xomeze (Michele Guglielmino, 2009)

There are also planned languages, some of which are based on Esperanto, but also have many other influences. An example of this is Fasile .

See also : Esperanto # Criticism of Esperanto

literature

• Claus Günkel: The current state of Esperantiden - presentation and final remark. In: Interlinguistische Informations Beiheft 2, ISSN  1432-3567 , pp. 47-50.
• Claus Günkel: NOVO, Nova Provo: 7 jaroj kaj 11 numeroj - provo bilanci sen saldi. In: Reinhard Haupenthal (Ed.): De A al B. Festlibro por la 75a naskiĝ-tago de D-ro André Albault, 1923 - 14 majo - 1998. Iltis, Schliengen 2000, ISBN 3-932807-09-X , p 83-95.