Faguibine

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Faguibine
Faguibine mali.jpg
Lake Faguibine with its typical knife shape, photo from April 1991. The Niger is at the bottom right, the Oro Lake at the bottom left and the Fati Lake at the bottom right.
Geographical location Mali
Tributaries Niger
Drain Niger
Location close to the shore Timbuktu , Goundam
Data
Coordinates 16 ° 44 '48 "  N , 3 ° 59' 12"  W Coordinates: 16 ° 44 '48 "  N , 3 ° 59' 12"  W.
Faguibine (Mali)
Faguibine
surface 590 km²dep1
Template: Infobox See / Maintenance / EVIDENCE AREA

Lake Faguibine is a lake in the West African state of Mali on the southern edge of the Sahara . It is 80 km west of Timbuktu and 75 km north of the Niger , with which it is connected by a system of smaller lakes and canals. In the years when the annual flooding along the Niger is sufficiently high, water flows from the river into the lake. However, since the drought in the Sahel in the 1970s and 1980s, the lake had mostly dried up. Water has rarely reached the lake since then and even when it did, the lake was only partially filled with water. As a result, the local ecosystem has partially collapsed.

System of the Faguibine

The lake is part of a system of five interconnected, low-lying depressions that fill more or less with water depending on the level of the annual flood of the Niger River. Lake Faguibine is by far the largest of these depressions with a surface area of ​​590 km². The precipitation in the area around the lake is less than 200 mm per year and has only a marginal influence on the water levels in the depressions.

The depressions are connected to the Niger River by two canals. The southern Kondi Canal (64 km long) branches off the Niger a few kilometers downstream from Diré and then meanders through the Killi Plain. The larger, northern Tassakane Canal (104 km long) branches off from the Niger further downstream near Korioumé and meanders through the Kessou plain. The two canals unite east of Goundam and flow into the southern end of Lake Télé after another 20 km . The Télé is connected to Lake Takara at its northern end . Water flows from the northern end of Takara over a rocky threshold at Kamaïna , flows from there towards the west, past the village of Bintagoungou and then reaches Faguibine.

Both Lake Télé and Takara must be completely filled before water can flow over the threshold at Kamaïna and fill the Faguibine. Similarly, there are two lakes to the east of the Faguibine ( Kamango and Gouber ) that only get water when the Faguibine is full. Approximately 4 km³ of water are required to completely fill the 590 km² lake Faguibine. This corresponds to around 17% of the average annual flow of the Niger between 1970 and 1998 at Diré .

The lake bed is very fertile and offers sedentary farmers ideal land when the lake is only partially filled. This enables food to be grown along the edge of the lake and Bourgou ( Echinochloa stagnina ) to thrive in lower-lying areas to provide pasture during the dry season. This type of use requires much less water, namely only around 0.5 km³.

Influence of the annual flooding by the Niger River

The Niger at Diré

Average monthly flow in cubic meters per second at the Diré hydrometric station from 1924 to 1992

The filling of Lake Faguibine with water from the Niger River is dependent on the one hand on the level of the annual flood and on the free flow of water along the complex and 170 km long canal system that connects the lake with the river. The annual floods along the Niger are the result of heavy rains in Guinea and the water level of the important tributary Bani , which flows through northern Ivory Coast and southwest Mali. In all of these regions, the peak of the rainy season is in August. The amount of rain, and thus the amount of flooding, varies from year to year. In years with high water levels, such as between 1924 and 1930 and 1951 to 1955, the lake was completely filled. In years with little rainfall it can dry out completely. In the 20th century this happened in 1914, 1924 and 1944; this has been a regular phenomenon since the severe drought that began in the late 1970s. Low water levels are exacerbated by the construction of dams on the Niger River or its tributaries, as they hold back water and thus reduce the maximum level of flooding downstream. Of the existing dams, the Sélingué dam on the Sankarani River in south-west Mali is the most important; it can store 2.2 km³ of water. There are plans for a new dam, the Fomi Dam , on the Niandan River in Guinea that can hold almost three times as much water. If this dam were built, the intensity of the annual flood would be further reduced.

One of the main goals of a project by the United Nations Sudan-Sahel Office (UNSO, 1986–1990) was to improve the connection between the Niger and the Faguibine and to cut off some of the meanders of the Kondi Canal. The project was interrupted by the Tuareg rebellion between 1990 and 1995. During the 1980s, the low level of annual floods had caused an intense battle for water, with local people containing the currents in the canals and installing fish traps. Since 2003, the German aid organization Mali-Nord has financed the construction of irrigated areas that do not obstruct the flow of water in the canals.

In 2006, the government of Mali set up the Office pour la Mise en Valeur du système Faguibine (OMVF) . His goal is to preserve the canals and stabilize the dunes by planting balsamic milkweed and eucalyptus . Much of the vegetation that stabilized dunes has disappeared due to the drought that began in the late 1970s. As a result, sand was blown or washed into the canals. The threshold at Kamaïna is next to dunes and is particularly prone to the accumulation of sand. The inhabitants of the villages have been helping to remove the sand since 2002, and since 2006 the activities have been organized by OMVF and supported by the United Nations World Food Program . In October 2008, around 1,000 people worked for six days to remove the sand.

In a project funded by the Norwegian government, the United Nations Environment Program is studying the lake's ecosystem and looking for ways to improve property management and the water cycle. The project is scheduled to run from 2008 to 2015 and has an initial budget of US $ 1 million.

Maximum water level (in meters) of the Niger at Diré

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hamerlynck, O .; Chiramba, T .; Pardo, M .: Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien ‐ être humain: adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. United Nations Environment Program 2009, p. 2  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dialoguebarrages.org
  2. ^ Society for Technical Cooperation and Mali-Nord: Map on a scale of 1: 500,000 with the Faguibine (PDF; 1.6 MB) , 2005.
  3. ^ Society for Technical Cooperation and Mali-Nord: Map on a scale of 1: 100,000 with the Kondi and Tassakane canals (PDF; 2.8 MB) , 2007.
  4. ↑ Hamerlynck, O .; Chiramba, T .; Pardo, M .: Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien ‐ être humain: adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. United Nations Environment Program 2009, p. 14  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dialoguebarrages.org
  5. ↑ Hamerlynck, O .; Chiramba, T .; Pardo, M .: Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien ‐ être humain: adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. United Nations Environment Program 2009, p. 18  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dialoguebarrages.org
  6. ↑ a b Hamerlynck, O .; Chiramba, T .; Pardo, M .: Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien ‐ être humain: adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. United Nations Environment Program 2009, p. 20  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dialoguebarrages.org
  7. ↑ University of New Hampshire / Global Runoff Data Center: Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0: Diré , visited on January 15, 2011.
  8. ↑ Zwarts, Leo; Cissé, Navon; Diallo, Mori: Hydrology of the Upper Niger ( Memento of the original of July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.altwym.nl archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 8.3 MB) , in Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary et al., The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin , Veenwouden 2005, pp. 15-39, ( ISBN 90-807150-6-9 ), pp. 18-19
  9. ↑ Hamerlynck, O .; Chiramba, T .; Pardo, M .: Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien ‐ être humain: adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. United Nations Environment Program 2009, p. 21  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dialoguebarrages.org
  10. ↑ Zwarts, Leo; Bakary, Kone: People in the Inner Niger Delta ( Memento of the original from July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.altwym.nl archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 8.3 MB) , in Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary et al .: The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin , Veenwouden 2005, pp. 79–86, ( ISBN 90-807150-6-9 ), p. 85
  11. ↑ Zwarts, Leo; Cissé, Navon; Diallo, Mori: Hydrology of the Upper Niger ( Memento of the original of July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.altwym.nl archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 8.3 MB) , in Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary et al., The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin , Veenwouden 2005, pp. 15-39, ( ISBN 90-807150-6-9 ), pp. 22-23
  12. ↑ Zwarts, Leo; Cissé, Navon; Diallo, Mori: Hydrology of the Upper Niger ( Memento of the original of July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.altwym.nl archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 8.3 MB) , in Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary et al., The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin , Veenwouden 2005, pp. 15-39, ( ISBN 90-807150-6-9 ), pp. 27-28
  13. ↑ Hamerlynck, O .; Chiramba, T .; Pardo, M .: Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien ‐ être humain: adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. United Nations Environment Program 2009, pp. 15-16  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dialoguebarrages.org
  14. ↑ Hamerlynck, O .; Chiramba, T .; Pardo, M .: Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien ‐ être humain: adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. United Nations Environment Program 2009, p. 34  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dialoguebarrages.org
  15. ↑ United Nations World Food Program: Mali: Restoring Lake In Desert, Farmers Keep Hunger Away , 2009.
  16. ↑ Hamerlynck, O .; Chiramba, T .; Pardo, M .: Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien ‐ être humain: adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. United Nations Environment Program 2009, p. 17  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dialoguebarrages.org
  17. ↑ United Nations Environment Program: Rehabilitating Lake Faguibine Ecosystem: Project factsheet (PDF; 1.6 MB) , visited on December 21, 2009.
  18. ↑ Hamerlynck, O .; Chiramba, T .; Pardo, M .: Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien ‐ être humain: adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. United Nations Environment Program 2009, p. 5  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dialoguebarrages.org
  19. ↑ Center Régional du Projet NIGER-HYCOS: Hydrological Information System, Diré , visited on April 27 2011th