State of Syria (1925–1930)
The state of Syria ( French État de Syrie , Arabic دولة سوريا, DMG Daulat Suriya ) was a French Mandate that the successor to the 1920 recently by France shattered Kingdom of Syria was proclaimed.
The state was first established in 1922 as the Syrian Federation ( French Fédération Syrienne , Arabic الاتحاد السوري, DMG al-Ittiḥād as-Sūrī ) by providing a central assembly for the state of Aleppo , the state of Damascus and the Alawite state . On December 1st, the unification of the states of Aleppo and Damascus was announced and the state of Syria was proclaimed. The Alawite state did not join the État de Syrie . The successor was the Syrian Republic founded in 1930 .
background
After the Conference of Sanremo in 1919 and the defeat of King Faisal at the Battle of Maysalun , the French general Henri Gouraud established a civil administration in the territory of the League of Nations . This mandate region was divided into six states. Although the settlement areas of the various denominational groups in Syria were taken into account when defining the new borders, the predominantly Sunni population of Aleppo and Damascus , in particular, was strictly against the federal structure of the country.
history
In July 1922, France established a loose federation between three of these states: the state of Damascus , the state of Aleppo and the Alawite state under the name of the Syrian Federation . The Druze state of Jebel ad-Duruz and Greater Lebanon were not part of this league . The first and only president of this federation was Subhi Bey Barakat al-Chalidi . The autonomous sanjak Alexandrette was incorporated into the state of Aleppo in 1923. The federation adopted a new flag (green-white-green with French canton), which later became the flag of the state of Syria.
On December 1, 1924, the Alawite state split from the federation when the states of Aleppo and Damascus were united in the new État de Syrie (State of Syria). The dissatisfaction with the French direct rule did not abate: in 1925 the great Druze revolt broke out. It was led by the Druze leader Sultan Pasha al-Atrasch in the Druze Mountains , quickly spread over the entire mandate area and became a general uprising. It was brutally suppressed by France in 1927; numerous Druze were massacred by French soldiers .
In 1928 the opposition group National Bloc was founded, which sought independence for Syria and Greater Syria united with Lebanon and the neighboring states . In 1928 Taj Eddine el-Hasani also became the (last) President of the State of Syria. In 1930 the Alawite state and the Kurdish region of Djézireh were finally annexed to the state of Syria and a new constitution came into force. This was the hour of birth of the Syrian Republic ; it existed until 1963.
bibliography
- David K. Fieldhouse : Western imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958. Oxford University Press, Oxford et al. 2006, ISBN 0-19-928737-6 .
- Derek Hopwood: Syria 1945–1986. Politics and society. Unwin Hyman, London et al. 1988, ISBN 0-04-445039-7 .
- Sami Moubayed: Steel & silk. Men and women who shaped Syria 1900-2000. Cune, Seattle WA 2006, ISBN 1-885942-40-0 .
Web links
- Timeline of the French mandate period ( memento from September 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- Mandate Syrie-Liban (1920-146) (PDF file; 20 kB)
- La Syrie et le mandat français (1920-1946)
- Les Relations franco-libanaises in le cadre des relations Internationales
- France, Syrie et Liban 1918-1946
- No yo-yo! In: Time . January 30, 1933. Retrieved August 19, 2009 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Michael Provence: The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism (= Modern Middle East Series. 22). University of Texas Press, Austin TX 2005, ISBN 0-292-70680-4 .