Kingdom of Syria
| Kingdom of Syria المملكة العربية السورية |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
| navigation | |||||
|
|||||
| Official language | Arabic | ||||
| Capital | Damascus | ||||
| Form of government | Constitutional monarchy | ||||
| Head of state | King Faisal I (1920) | ||||
| Existence period | 1920 | ||||
| Time zone | UTC + 2 | ||||
|
|||||
.svg)
.svg)
.svg){kind=small}
The Kingdom of Syria , Kingdom of Greater Syria or the Arab Kingdom of Syria ( Arabic المملكة العربية السورية, DMG al-Mamlaka al-ʿarabiyya as-sūriyya ) was a state in the Middle East and existed from March 8 to July 24, 1920 partially on the territory of the present-day states of Jordan and Syria . The kingdom was one of the first independent Arab states in modern times and was ruled by King Faisal , who later became the first king of Iraq .
prehistory
In the Hussein-McMahon correspondence of 1915/1916, Emir Hussein ibn Ali and the British High Commissioner for Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon , negotiated the future of the Arab countries and the participation of the Arabs in the fight against the Ottomans. From the Arab side, the correspondence was interpreted as recognition of the Arab desire for independence, whereupon Hussein ibn Ali called for resistance against the Ottoman rulers on June 10, 1916 and founded the Kingdom of Hejaz .
In the same year his son Emir Faisal succeeded I. uniting the Bedouin tribes on the Arabian Peninsula in the fight against the Ottomans in the First World War . Together with British support under Lawrence of Arabia , the Arabs succeeded in driving the Ottomans out of Palestine and Syria and taking Damascus on September 30, 1918. On October 3, Faisal reached the city.
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , Faisal advocated the independence of the Arab Emirates from the Ottoman Empire, but this was unsuccessful because Great Britain and France had already divided the Middle East among themselves in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement of May 16, 1916 , which was dated League of Nations founded in 1920 was recognized.
In the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement of January 3, 1919, signed by Emir Faisal and the later President of the World Zionist Organization , Chaim Weizmann , the Arab side recognized the Balfour Declaration for a Jewish State in Palestine. However, as a result of later events in the Middle East, the agreement never came into force.
development
.svg)
For participating in the struggle of the Entente cordiale against the Central Powers , Faisal was awarded Lebanon and Syria on the basis of a national assembly. At the beginning of March, the government of Hashim Chalid al-Atassi rejected the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement. On March 7, 1920, the Syrian National Congress in Damascus proclaimed independence from Syria including Palestine under King Faisal, and the next day the Arab Kingdom of Syria was proclaimed. On March 9, 1920, a new government was finally formed under Ali Rida ar-Rikabi . On April 8, 1920, Faisal was crowned King of Syria and Abdallah ibn Husain I was crowned King of Iraq.
After the Sanremo Conference of April 19-26 and the Treaty of Sèvres of April 25, 1920, the League of Nations gave France the mandate for Syria and Lebanon and Great Britain the mandate for Jordan and Palestine . As a result, there were violent protests by the Arabs and the formation of a new government under Hashim al-Atassi on May 7, 1920.
The Christians in Lebanon called the reaction of the government in Damascus a coup and obtained the declaration of independence from the government in Lebanon. The government ordered the army to be mobilized. The French General Gouraud gave Faisal an ultimatum on July 14th, giving him the choice between abdication and submission. The king decided to cooperate, but whereupon his defense minister Yousef Al-Azama refused allegiance and sought a dispute with the French. So the battle of Maysalun took place on July 23, 1920 , in which the French under General Mariano Goybet were victorious. On July 24th, the French entered Damascus and forced Faisal to abdicate, who then went into exile in Great Britain.
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Zeine N. Zeine. Struggle for Arab Independence: Western Diplomacy and the Rise and Fall of Faisal's Kingdom in Syria. Caravan Books. Delmar, New York. 1977. pp. 209-215
- ^ Zeine N. Zeine. Struggle for Arab Independence: Western Diplomacy and the Rise and Fall of Faisal's Kingdom in Syria. Caravan Books. Delmar, New York. 1977. p. 30
- ↑ Abdullah ibn Hussein in the Munzinger Archive ( beginning of article freely accessible)
- ↑ Eliezer Tauber. The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq. Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. Portland, Oregon. 1995, p. 17
- ↑ Eliezer Tauber. The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq. Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. Portland, Oregon. 1995, p. 215
- ^ Al-Massad Joseph : Colonial Effects: The Making of National Jordan, New York, 2001, pp. 102ff
literature
- Stephen Hemsley Longrigg: Syria and Lebanon under the French Mandate , London 1958
- John D. Grainger: The Battle for Syria, 1918-1920 . Boydell & Brewer, 2013, ISBN 978-1843838036 .
- Eliezer Tauber: The Formation of Modern Iraq and Syria . Routledge, 1994, ISBN 978-0714641058 .
- Zeine N. Zeine: Struggle for Arab Independence: Western Diplomacy and the Rise and Fall of Faisal's Kingdom in Syria . Caravan Books, 1977, ISBN 978-0882060026 .
