Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico

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The women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico has reached the mid-20th century. In 1929 , Ecuador was the first country in the region to grant women limited national voting rights . Brazil and Uruguay were the first states of the group to introduce equal electoral conditions for women and men at national level in 1932, with Paraguay coming up
at the bottom in 1961. In some of the states, violent upheavals, growing nationalism and growing prosperity had a positive effect on the introduction of women's suffrage . One obstacle, on the other hand, was the prevailing image of society, which restricted women to their role in the home and church. Another difficulty was that women were more committed to improving education and care than to political equality. The lack of democratic traditions also had a negative impact.

Similarities in the initial situation

Spanish, Portuguese or French are spoken in most states, Catholicism is the most widespread religion, and all states were colonized and ruled by European states until independence and were then overshadowed by the USA. The independence of the individual colonies was fought for from 1808 after Napoleon had conquered Spain and Portugal in 1807/1808, which meant that these two colonial powers could no longer hold the overseas possessions.

Gender roles

The gender roles were clearly defined. The dominance of men was identified with the term machismo . Women were seen as saints or whores, and none of these stereotypes enabled them to enter politics.

Domestic situation

In the years 1932 to 1961, when women's suffrage was introduced in Latin America, the governments were mostly weak, the call for the strong man was repeated and political difficulties were more often responded to with increased pressure than with an expansion of democracy.

Social situation

In family law, different standards applied to women and men. Issues such as improving the health of the population or the recognition of the rights of employees, mothers and wives and the education of women were seen as more urgent than women's suffrage.

Women's suffrage was not a key issue for Latin American feminists because most countries had no tradition of male suffrage that would have led to political influence. The opinion was also expressed that women should stay out of the corrupt, male-dominated world of politics.

Large groups in society were negative about women's suffrage: progressives who sought to catch up with European standards in other areas were very concerned that the political empowerment of women would strengthen the conservatives. The Catholic Church opposed women questioning their traditional roles, and even radicals did not stand up for the political rights of women because they feared that the clergy would have too much influence on them and thus on national politics.

International influences

Spain and Portugal, the former colonial rulers, were not at the forefront of women's suffrage, but Britain was . In terms of geography, the US and New Zealand provided guidance for progress.

Influencing factors on the way to women's suffrage

In some countries, violent revolutions, growing nationalism and growing prosperity had a positive effect on the introduction of women's suffrage. In contrast, an obstacle in many places was the prevailing image of society, which restricted women to their role in the house and church. Another difficulty lay in the fact that women were more focused on improving education and care than on political equality. The lack of democratic traditions also had a negative impact.

prosperity

According to Trevor Lloyd, prosperity was the key factor in establishing women's suffrage in the region. Countries like Brazil , Cuba and Uruguay were comparatively wealthy and endeavored to move closer to the United States by introducing women's suffrage. But prosperity was not an all-determining influencing factor: Although the rich states of Uruguay and Brazil introduced women's suffrage relatively early, before 1940, the large and economically relatively well-off Argentina did not grant women suffrage until 1947. In Mexico , it was only implemented in 1953 . Ecuador, a pioneer in the introduction of women's suffrage, was by no means one of the wealthiest countries in the region; it was economically underdeveloped and politically unstable.

Lack of democratic traditions

The population is made up of indigenous people, the descendants of conquerors and European colonialists, and the descendants of African slaves. When the colonies became independent in the first half of the 19th century, the principles of equal treatment before the law and respect for individual rights were not anchored in the region.

nationalism

In Uruguay, the highly nationalist approach of the constitution paved the way for women's suffrage. The constitution stipulated that all citizens had the right to vote and stand for election; Citizens were only those born in Uruguay. Others were given the right to vote only through marriage or if they met certain property or education requirements or had lived in the country for 15 years. In this way, the numerous immigrants, potential troublemakers, were excluded from the elections. Women's suffrage was thus erected as a nationalist bulwark against external radicalization at a time when the labor market was inundated by European immigrants.

Violent coups

Revolutions, political upheavals and the struggle for independence were often catalysts for the implementation of women's suffrage. For example, women's suffrage was introduced in Cuba following the overthrow of the dictator Gerardo Machado in 1934. However, the connection has not been shown in other countries: in the 20th century there were many violent revolutions that had no influence on women's suffrage.

Democratization

There is no connection between the democratization of a state and the introduction of women's suffrage. The introduction of universal suffrage for men, a sign of democratic change, was often decades behind women's suffrage.

Independence movements

Independence movements demanded citizenship for women, but mostly no political equality or at most for mothers: Successful campaigns called for women's suffrage on the grounds that women could thus bring the values ​​of motherhood and family into politics.

Demonstration for women's suffrage in front of the Argentine Congress, 1948; the person of Eva Perón is strongly emphasized on the banners
Populist movements

Feminists in the populist movements saw the political rights of women in dictatorships as meaningless, but also recognized that women's suffrage could increase the electorate of these movements. It can be traced back to the influence of feminists that after 1936 the advocacy of women's suffrage shifted from the liberals to the populist movements: the equality of women and men was propagated by politicians like the Panamanian Felicia Santizo as a bulwark against fascism .

In Argentina , the appeal of the idea of ​​women's suffrage was closely tied to Eva Perón . It worked as a role model that had political power, but only used it to support a strong man . With Argentine women rejecting feminist ideas and arguments for years, Eva Perón's success was a hard blow to feminists. The introduction of women's suffrage goes back to populist movements combined with a progressive electoral process.

International organizations

The influence of international organizations on the introduction of women's suffrage does not give a consistent picture. The visits by Carrie Chapman Catt from the International Women Suffrage Alliance fueled the enthusiasm, but left the local organizations without further support: One year after Catt's visit to Peru , women's suffrage was too unrealistic to have any concrete impact. At the meeting of the Union in Peru in 1938, for example, support for political equality was proclaimed, which would take the member states up to 26 years to implement.

Traditional gender roles

For supporters and lawmakers, the path to women's suffrage in the region was through changing women's awareness. The opponents of political equality between the sexes argued that women are masculinized and de-sexualized through political work. Many women were also convinced that they should limit themselves to house and church and leave politics to the strong men . Asunción Lavrin noted that the most difficult task for Latin American feminists is not to convince men that women are ripe for women's suffrage, but to bring about a change in the minds of their peers.

Lines of development in an international context

In the pioneering phase of the introduction of women's suffrage in the 19th century, such endeavors in this region were nothing more than daring experiments. As a result of the struggle for representative democracy in countries of international importance such as Great Britain, the USA, Germany and Russia, progress was made on the issue of women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico. From around 1930, women's suffrage in international terms had become a standard for civil rights that no longer received much attention; at the national level, however, it was still very important. At the end of the 1930s, women's suffrage had already been introduced in Ecuador , Chile , Brazil , Uruguay , Bolivia and El Salvador , although it was subject to various restrictions (see below). But it was already seen as a necessary attribute of a modern nation. Democracy was no longer, as it was in the 19th century, the shining political goal for progressive-minded people; rather, fascism and communism dominated the political scene. Women's suffrage had receded into the national political agenda.

Women's suffrage in the region was first achieved in smaller political units far away from the centers of power: in 1929, small Ecuador was the first Latin American country to grant women the right to vote, not one of the large states like Brazil or Mexico or one of the most progressive ones like Argentina or Chile. Although Brazil followed Ecuador in 1932, women's suffrage was introduced in small Uruguay in the same year.

Central America and Mexico

Belize

Under British administration, women were given the right to vote on March 25, 1954, which was confirmed upon independence in 1981.

Passive women's suffrage: March 25, 1954.

First election of a woman to the colonial parliament: Gwendolyn Margurite Lizarraga 1965; in the national parliament: 1984

Costa Rica

Throughout the 19th century, there was a right to vote limited by possession and educational qualifications. Women were implicitly excluded from the right to vote until 1847 and since then have been explicitly excluded. The constitution of 1949 first established universal suffrage for all men and women over the age of 20. On June 20, 1949, a law was introduced that defined citizenship as a set of duties and political rights that applied to all citizens over the age of 18 regardless of gender. This law was passed with a vote of 33 to 8. Active and passive women's suffrage was introduced on November 17, 1949.

In 1953 women sat in the national parliament for the first time; three women had been appointed.

El Salvador

In 1939 the active right to vote for women over 25 years (if married) or over 30 years (if single) was introduced. The ballot was voluntary for women, but compulsory for men. From 1959, all Salvadorans over the age of 18 had the right to vote, regardless of gender.

The passive right to vote for women was introduced in 1961.

Female MPs only existed from 1961: On December 29, 1961, two women were elected to the national parliament for the first time.

Guatemala

The constitution of 1879 established direct suffrage. It applied to all literate men over the age of 21 or to those men who had an office, a pension or other income. With the constitution of 1945 and the electoral law of 1946 the right to vote for women was introduced; However, a distinction was made between different levels of the right to vote: Male alphabets over the age of 18 were required to vote, whereas the secret right to vote for female alphabets was optional; for illiterate males the election was secret but public.

In 1956, secret voting was introduced with compulsory voting for men and women who were able to read and write; there was no compulsory voting for illiterate males; illiterate women were not allowed to vote.

A restricted passive right to vote for women, excluding women who could not read and write, was introduced in 1946. Even after the legal changes in 1956, illiterate women were not allowed to be elected. The 1965 constitution extended the right to stand for election to all citizens, but voting was still not compulsory for women who could not read or write. It was not until the 1985 constitution established complete equality between women and men in terms of the right to vote.

The first election of a woman to the national parliament, Alma Rosa Castañeda de Mora , took place in 1956.

Honduras

With the constitution of 1894 the universal, equal and secret (1906: public) male suffrage was introduced; it was not until 1954 that women were given the right to vote. While this was optional for women, it was compulsory for men to vote. The minimum age required for voting rights varied between 18 and 21 years.

Women's passive suffrage became law on January 25, 1955.

The first election of women to the national parliament took place in 1957. Three women were elected.

Mexico

In some states, women were allowed to vote in local and state elections earlier than nationally. Yucatán and San Luis Potosí were the first states to give women the right to vote in 1922 and 1923. In 1946, women everywhere were given municipal voting rights.

When Adolfo Ruiz Cortines won the presidential election in 1952, he kept his promise to introduce a vote on the active and passive right to vote for women at national level in parliament. On December 22, 1952, the President's bill was passed unanimously by Congress and a few days later the Senate also approved it with one vote against. The regulations came into force and promulgated on October 6, 1953. In 1954 women were able to vote in congressional elections, and on July 6, 1958, for the first time in presidential elections.

Women's passive suffrage became law on October 17, 1953.

In 1952, after the creation of the new state of Baja California, a woman was appointed MP. The first election of a woman to the national parliament took place in July 1955: four women out of a total of 162 members of the lower house. The first two female MPs in the Upper House, which had 60 members, were elected in July 1964.

Nicaragua

The constitutions of 1939, 1948 and 1950 had tied the introduction of women's suffrage to a qualified majority in the legislature. Women's suffrage was introduced on April 21, 1955. In the elections of 1957, women were allowed to vote for the first time under the same age requirements as men. After the 1979 revolution, all Nicaraguan citizens over the age of 16 were given the right to vote.

Women's passive suffrage became law on April 21, 1955.

There were women in the national parliament only from 1972. In February 1972 eight women were elected.

Panama

The constitution of 1904 provided universal male suffrage for all Panamanians over the age of 21.

An electoral law number 98 of July 5, 1941 gave women over 21 the active and passive right to vote at the provincial level if they had a university degree, a teaching degree, completed vocational training or attended a secondary school. Women did not receive general active and passive suffrage until March 1, 1946.

The first female MPs in the national parliament were in 1946, and two women were elected.

South America

Argentina

In the House of Commons, a law was passed on September 17, 1932 that gave women over 18 the right to vote regardless of their literacy skills. The conservative upper house (Senate) rejected the law. When Juan Perón was elected president in February 1946, he enacted a law that would give women the right to vote. Some conservatives tried to block the law and kept voting on it. When the first wife Eva Perón returned from a trip to Europe and understood the situation, she went to the congress building with many supporters and made it clear that she would stay until the law was passed. The law was passed and Argentine women were given the right to vote on September 27, 1947. In some provinces, women had been given the right to vote and stand as a candidate before.

The passive right to vote for women was introduced on September 29, 1947.

There were women in the national parliament for the first time in November 1951, 24 women were elected. They were all personally selected by Eva Perón to be on the list of the Partido Peronista .

Bolivia

In 1938 women who could read and write and those with a certain income were given the right to vote. It was not extended to all adult women until July 21, 1952.

From 1938 onwards, women who could read and write and those with a certain income could be elected; on July 21, 1952 the general passive right to vote for women was decided.

According to Martin, there were women in the national parliament for the first time in 1956, one woman by regular election and one by substitute election, according to two different sources not until 1966.

Brazil

In Brazil, the 1930 suffrage reform provided voting rights only for single women and property widows, and for married women with the consent of their husbands. Feminists then went on the offensive. The decree of February 24, 1932 provided for secret proportional representation and gave women the same political rights as men. However, as in many other countries, anyone who could not read and write was excluded, regardless of gender. This clause restricted the electorate to 5% of the population. The first elections involving women were held in 1933. It is estimated that women made up about 20 percent of the electorate. The women's rights activist Bertha Lutz managed to get a seat in Congress in 1936. But the liberal political climate favored right-wing extremism. The establishment of the Estado Novo by Getúlio Vargas in a coup d'état against his own government in 1937 ended the political participation of elected women in political events until after the Second World War.

The passive right to vote for women became law in 1932.

Since May 3, 1933, there were the first female MPs in the national parliament. Carlota Pereira de Queiroz and Bertha Lutz were elected.

Chile

Women over 21 who could read and write were given the right to vote in town and city council elections in the early 1930s. One source mentions May 30, 1931, another 1934. Unrestricted voting rights were enshrined in the law of December 15, 1948.

The passive right to vote for women had existed in local elections since 1931 and in full in 1949.

In 1951, the first woman was elected to the national parliament in a by-election. The regular election was in 1949.

Ecuador

The Ecuadorian Matilde Hidalgo was the first woman on the continent to vote in national elections in 1925.

In the constitutions from 1830 to 1906 (exception: 1884) women were not expressly excluded from the right to vote. In the 1929 Constitution, women were declared citizens, which gave them the right to vote. Ecuador was the first Latin American country to grant women limited voting rights, but it wasn't until 1946 that all women were allowed to vote.

Between March 3, 1929 and 1967, however, it was compulsory for men to vote, and for women to vote was voluntary; from 1967 all voting was compulsory and the conditions were the same for both sexes for the first time. For both genders it was a requirement that one had to be able to read and write in order to exercise the right to vote.

In 1925, an Ecuadorian woman voted for the first time, making her the continent's first female voter, Matilde Hidalgo .

The passive right to vote for women was introduced on March 3, 1929.

Fue Nela Martinez was the first woman to be elected to the national parliament in 1956. Since she was a substitute, she only attended the meetings occasionally.

Guyana

The development of the right to vote is linked to the colonial history of the area : the ownership of these areas changed several times between the colonial powers Netherlands, Great Britain and France until 1815 . In 1812, according to Frank A. Narain, women were granted the right to vote if they owned slaves or were able to pay income tax on at least 10,000 guilders; The source does not provide any information on whether equality was achieved between women and men.

After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte , the three colonies were transferred to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . In 1831 the colony of British Guiana was founded from this . From 1849 only male British citizens were allowed to vote; their right to vote was still restricted by demands on their assets.

After Frank A. Narain, women were given the right to vote back in 1928; the right to vote continued to be linked to certain assets. Another source cites 1945 as the year for women to be active in the legislative body of British Guiana .

On April 16, 1953, under British administration, women and men aged 20 and over were given universal suffrage. The principles of universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage had been formally in effect since the 1953 National Assembly elections . They were confirmed when the country became independent on May 26, 1966. However, election results have been falsified by the PNC government since the 1968 elections.

Passive women's suffrage: from 1945 women could be elected to the legislative body, property requirements were reduced, but remained in force. On April 16, 1953 universal suffrage was passed into law.

First election of a woman to the national parliament: after Martin three women in April 1953, after Pintat, the first woman elected did not come to parliament until December 1968.

Colombia

The constitutional reform adopted by referendum (December 10, 1957) gave women the right to vote (a right that was already granted in Acto Legislativo Número 3 of August 25, 1954 by the Constituent Assembly under the government of General Rojas Pinilla , but which was granted after Its overthrow, like all resolutions of the Congress, was declared null and void, but Decree 247 of 1957 of the military junta called women to a referendum, too.

Women's passive suffrage became law on August 25, 1954.

The first female MPs in the national parliament existed on March 16, 1958. Eight women were elected.

Paraguay

Universal male suffrage became effective with the constitution of 1870. Law number 704 introduced universal active women's suffrage at the national level in 1961. Women's suffrage was introduced on July 5, 1961.

Women's passive suffrage became law on July 5, 1961.

The first female MPs sat in the national parliament on April 1, 1963. Two women were elected.

Peru

The Electoral Act of 1896 granted the right to vote to all Peruvian men who were at least 21 years old, could read and write and were paying higher taxes. In 1931 the census right to vote was abolished and at the same time compulsory voting was introduced. All men over 21, provided they could read and write, were now eligible to vote. Women were eligible to vote in 1955 at the behest of General Manuel Apolinario Odría Amoretti , who had ruled as dictator since 1948. He and his wife, Maria Delgado de Odría, wanted to replicate the Peróns' success in Argentina, and women's suffrage was part of their strategy. Thus, women's suffrage was introduced on September 7, 1955. However, women who could not read and write, most of them indigenous, were excluded from the right to vote until the 1980s. Because of this, the turnout of women in the 1956 election was significantly lower than that of men, and the general's plan ended in electoral defeat.

Women's passive suffrage became law on September 7, 1955.

Since April 7, 1956, there were the first women in the national parliament: Irene Silva de Santolalla in the Senate, in the Camara de Diputados seven women.

Suriname

On December 9, 1948, universal suffrage was introduced; women were also eligible to vote. With independence in 1975, this right was confirmed.

Passive women's suffrage: December 9, 1948

First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, October 1975. Before independence, a woman was elected to the parliament of Suriname in March 1963.

Uruguay

In Uruguay at the beginning of the twentieth century, in connection with the discussion about universal suffrage, the question of women's suffrage was raised. The women's rights activist Paulina Luisi also carried this topic to other Latin American countries, for example in her speech at the first Congreso Panamericano of the Instituto Interamericano del Niño, la Niña y Adolescentes (Inter-American Institute for Children and Youth) in Buenos Aires in 1916 .

At the local level, the first ever election by a woman in South America took place in Uruguay: the referendum in the city of Cerro Chato , 1927.

During the 19th century, Uruguay had limited male suffrage. The 1918 constitution introduced universal male suffrage. In the course of the constitutional amendment of 1932, both chambers of parliament passed the right to vote for women with a two-thirds majority. The Chamber of Deputies debate in October 1932 became a kind of competition between political leaders who demonstrated to each other and the nation their longstanding belief in women's suffrage. The Senate accepted women's suffrage without debate. It was introduced on December 16, 1932. In the constitution of 1934, universal suffrage is guaranteed for all Uruguayans over the age of 18.

Six years after receiving universal suffrage, in the 1938 elections, women were allowed to vote for the first time.

Only after the reform of the Civil Code in 1946 could women be elected to Congress.

Women's passive suffrage became law on December 16, 1932.

The first female MPs sat in the national parliament since November 1942. Four women were elected.

Venezuela

The electoral law of 1945 granted women the right to vote for local representative bodies for the first time. On March 28, 1946, universal, equal and direct suffrage was established.

The passive right to vote for women was also introduced on March 28, 1946.

There were female MPs in the national parliament for the first time in 1946. Nine women were elected to the Constituent Assembly in October 1946, two women to the Cámara de Diputados in February 1948, and two women to the Senate in February 1948.

Caribbean

Antigua and Barbuda

Universal suffrage since the House of Representatives elections in 1951.

Passive women's suffrage: December 1, 1951

First election of a woman to the national parliament: Bridget Harris (House of Representatives), March 1994; prior to that, two women had been appointed to the Senate, April 1984.

Bahamas

In 1959, male suffrage was introduced under British administration. Those who met certain property requirements received a second vote. Women were given the right to vote on February 18, 1961, and all property restrictions were lifted in 1964. With independence in 1973 the right to vote was confirmed.

Passive women's suffrage: February 18, 1961

First election of a woman to the national parliament: Janet Bostwick , House of Assembly, June 1982. As early as 1977 she had become a member of the upper house (Senate) by appointment.

Barbados

Active women's suffrage was introduced on October 23, 1950.

The principles of universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage had been in effect since the 1951 House of Assembly elections . In 1966 Barbados became independent.

Passive women's suffrage: October 23, 1950.

First election of a woman to parliament in the colonial era: Edna Bourne December 18, 1951. In 1966 a woman was appointed (appointed) to the national parliament without an election. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Gertrude Eastmond , September 1971.

Dominica

Under British administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election in July 1951. This was confirmed at independence in 1978.

First election of a woman to the national parliament: 1980.

Dominican Republic

Active and passive women's suffrage has existed since 1942.

In 1942 two women MPs were elected to the national parliament.

Grenada

Before independence, women were granted the right to vote under British administration on August 1, 1951. This was confirmed with independence.

Passive women's suffrage: August 1, 1951

First election of a woman to the national parliament: Three women, February 1972.

Haiti

Until 1950, Haiti had a census suffrage, which made certain income and property limits necessary in order to gain the right to vote. In addition, until 1950 women were excluded from the right to vote or stand as a candidate.

The 1985 constitution extended the right to vote to all citizens.

Women's passive suffrage became law on November 25, 1950. After the elections of December 6, 1950, the right to stand for women was guaranteed and was confirmed in Article 16 of the 1957 Constitution.

The first female MPs were elected to the national parliament on May 12, 1961. Three women won a mandate.

Jamaica

Jamaica is one of the few countries where women's suffrage became law during World War II. General suffrage already applied to the first election on November 20, 1944. With independence on August 6, 1962, universal suffrage was confirmed.

Passive women's suffrage: November 20, 1944.

First woman elected to the national parliament: Two women, elected February 1967 (first parliament after independence.) First woman elected to the colonial legislative body: Iris Collins-Williams , December 14, 1944.

Cuba

The constitution of 1901, which was largely reformed in 1928, established universal male suffrage. Although Gerardo Machado had promised to support women's suffrage during his election campaign in 1925, it became clear in the same year that this was lip service: the restrictions he introduced affected not only communists but also feminists. As in other countries, women's suffrage came with a revolution in Cuba: The disempowerment of dictator Machado led to Cuba becoming the fourth Latin American country with women's suffrage.

The (provisional) Ley Constitucional of January 2, 1934 already provided for universal suffrage. On February 3, 1934, women's suffrage was included in the provisional constitution. But it was only with the adoption of the 1940 constitution that women's suffrage was introduced; the other provisional constitutional texts did not change this principle.

The passive right to vote for women was passed on January 2, 1934.

In 1936 there were women MPs for the first time. Six women were elected.

Puerto Rico

St. Kitts and Nevis

Active women's suffrage was introduced on September 19, 1951.

"Since the National Assembly elections in 1951, the principles of universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage have been in effect." When the country gained independence in 1983, women's suffrage was confirmed.

Passive women's suffrage: September 19, 1951

First election of a woman to the national parliament: Constance Mitcham , July 1984.

St. Lucia

"Since the National Assembly elections in 1951, the principles of universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage have been in effect." The right was first exercised on October 13, 1951 and confirmed when the country became independent in 1979.

First woman elected to the national parliament: Marie Grace Augustin , 1954, first woman elected to the colonial legislative council (Legislative Council); first woman called to the national parliament (Senate): Two women, July 1979; but no women had been elected to the House of Assembly (national parliament) until 2000 (the year the source was published).

Trinidad and Tobago

Even before independence, under British administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election in 1946. These rights were confirmed upon independence in 1962.

Passive women's suffrage: 1946.

First election of a woman to the national parliament: Isabel Ursula Tesha , House of Representatives, December 4, 1961. In 1946, before independence, a woman was appointed member of parliament.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 310.
  2. ↑ Asunción Lavrin: Suffrage in Latin America: A Difficult Arguing Cause. In: Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan: Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives. Auckland, Pluto 1994, p. 185. Quoted from: Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 310.
  3. ^ Francesca Miller: Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice. Hanover, University Press of New England 1991, p. 86. Quoted from: Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 311.
  4. ↑ a b c Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 311.
  5. ^ Trevor Lloyd: Suffragettes International: The World-Wide Campaign for Women's Rights. London, Library of the 20th Century 1971, p. 118. Quoted from: Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 330.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 330.
  7. ↑ a b c d e Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 331.
  8. ^ A b Katherine M. Marino: Feminism for the Americas. The Making of an International Human Rights Movement. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 2019, p. 148.
  9. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 21. Quoted from: Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 331.
  10. ↑ Asunción Lavrin in Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan: Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives. Auckland, Pluto 1994, p. 194. Quoted from: Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 331.
  11. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 332.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 332.
  13. ^ John Markoff: Margins, Centers, and Democracy: The Paradigmatic History of Women's Suffrage. In: Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. Volume 29/1, 2003, p. 92. Quoted from: Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 311.
  14. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. March 25, 1954, accessed September 30, 2018 .
  15. ^ A b c Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 37.
  16. ^ Bernhard Thibaut: Costa Rica. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 221-250, p. 225.
  17. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , pp. 74-76.
  18. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 91.
  19. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved September 30, 2018 .
  20. ↑ : Michael Krennerich: El Salvador. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 321-347, p. 325.
  21. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved September 30, 2018 .
  22. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 121.
  23. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 122.
  24. ↑ a b Petra Bendel, Michael Krennerich: Guatemala. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 359-388, pp. 363-364.
  25. ↑ a b c - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. March 1, 1956, accessed October 2, 2018 .
  26. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 157.
  27. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. March 1, 1956, accessed October 2, 2018 .
  28. ↑ [Isaac Ramírez: Ellas en el Congreso. Mujeres, piezas casi invisibles en la política del país. www.prensalibre.com/hemeroteca/ellas-en-el-congreso] Prensa Libre, May 15, 2015
  29. ↑ Diputadas, entre el bien y el times. In: Transdoc Noticias Nacionales. June 29, 2016, accessed April 5, 2020 (Spanish).
  30. ↑ Petra Bendel: Honduras. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 423-445, p. 426.
  31. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 169.
  32. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 170.
  33. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 255.
  34. ↑ a b c d Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , pp. 314-315.
  35. ↑ a b June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 186.
  36. ↑ El voto femenino por primera vez en México, 3 de junio de 1955 - Aleph. In: alef.mx. Retrieved January 5, 2019 (Spanish).
  37. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 256.
  38. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved October 5, 2018 .
  39. ↑ a b Michael Krennerich: Nicaragua. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 577-603, pp. 581-582.
  40. ↑ a b Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481–502, pp. 491.
  41. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 282.
  42. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 283.
  43. ^ Petra Bendel, Michael Krennerich: Panama. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 605-630, p. 609.
  44. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved October 5, 2018 .
  45. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 298.
  46. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 299.
  47. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 323.
  48. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 326.
  49. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 10.
  50. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved September 29, 2018 .
  51. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 12.
  52. ^ A b c Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 41.
  53. ↑ a b c United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 345.
  54. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved September 30, 2018 .
  55. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 42.
  56. ↑ Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481-502, p. 487.
  57. ↑ a b Rosa Zechner: Mothers, fighters for independence, feminists. In: Frauensolidarität im C3 - feminist development policy information and education work (ed.): Frauen * solidarität , No. 145, 3/2018, pp. 7–9, p. 7.
  58. ^ A b c June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 38.
  59. ↑ a b Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 319.
  60. ↑ a b United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 344
  61. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 48.
  62. ↑ a b c New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. May 30, 1931, accessed September 30, 2018 .
  63. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 62.
  64. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 62.
  65. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 438.
  66. ↑ a b c d United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 343
  67. ^ María Victoria Juárez, Xiomara Navas: Ecuador. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 289-320, p. 292.
  68. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 168.
  69. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 116.
  70. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved September 30, 2018 .
  71. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , pp. 315-316
  72. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 115.
  73. ^ A b c Frank A. Narain: Historical Information Events and Dates on the Parliament of Guyana from 1718 to 2006 Parliament of Guyana, 2009, p. 112.
  74. ↑ a b c New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 16, 1953, accessed October 2, 2018 .
  75. ↑ a b Bernd Hillebrands: Guyana. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 389-399, p. 392.
  76. ^ Frank A. Narain: Historical Information Events and Dates on the Parliament of Guyana from 1718 to 2006 Parliament of Guyana, 2009, p. 113.
  77. ↑ Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481-502, p. 488.
  78. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 164.
  79. ↑ a b c d Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481–502, P. 488.
  80. ^ Juan Jaramillo, Beatriz Franco: Colombia. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 457-510, pp. 464-465.
  81. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 84.
  82. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 68.
  83. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 85.
  84. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. June 23, 1956, accessed September 30, 2018 .
  85. ^ Marta León-Roesch: Paraguay. In: Dieter, Nohlen (ed.): Political organizations and representations in America. , Volume 1, Leske + Budrich Opladen, 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 631-650, pp. 636-637.
  86. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved November 16, 2018 .
  87. ^ A b c Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 302.
  88. ↑ a b Fernando Tuesta Soldevilla: Peru. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 651-677, p. 655.
  89. ↑ a b c d Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 329.
  90. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 303.
  91. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 304.
  92. ^ Felix Gallé: Surinam. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 703-717, p. 706.
  93. ^ A b c Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 362.
  94. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. December 9, 1948, accessed October 6, 2018 .
  95. ^ Katherine M. Marino: Feminism for the Americas. The Making of an International Human Rights Movement. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 2019, p. 14.
  96. ↑ El voto femenino cumple ochenta años en Uruguay. In: lr21.com.uy. July 3, 2007, Retrieved August 26, 2018 (Spanish).
  97. ^ Dieter Nohlen: Uruguay. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 731-777, p. 733.
  98. ↑ a b c Dieter Nohlen: Uruguay. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 731-777, p. 734.
  99. ↑ a b Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , p. 321.
  100. ^ A b c Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 411.
  101. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 168.
  102. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 306.
  103. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 417.
  104. ^ Carlos Huneeus, Bernhard Thibaut: Venezuela. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 779-813, p. 785.
  105. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 418.
  106. ^ Berndt Hillebrands: Antigua and Barbuda. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 21-27, p. 22.
  107. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 9.
  108. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved September 29, 2018 .
  109. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 25.
  110. ↑ Cablegate: Bahamas Nomination for International Women of Courage Award - Scoop News. In: scoop.co.nz. October 20, 1939. Retrieved November 25, 2018 .
  111. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 30.
  112. ^ Bernd Hillebrands: Barbados. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 85-92, p. 87.
  113. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved September 30, 2018 .
  114. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 31.
  115. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved September 30, 2018 .
  116. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 113.
  117. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 114.
  118. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 1, 1951, accessed October 2, 2018 .
  119. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 155.
  120. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 156.
  121. ^ Felix Galle: Haiti. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 401-421, p. 404.
  122. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 166.
  123. ↑ a b New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. December 6, 1950, accessed November 16, 2018 .
  124. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 168.
  125. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 168.
  126. ↑ a b c New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. November 20, 1944, accessed October 3, 2018 .
  127. ^ A b c Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 200.
  128. ↑ a b c Jan Suter: Cuba. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 511-536, p. 515.
  129. ^ Katherine M. Marino: Feminism for the Americas. The Making of an International Human Rights Movement. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 2019, p. 47.
  130. ↑ a b June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 77.
  131. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 98.
  132. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 99.
  133. ↑ a b c New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. September 19, 1951, accessed October 6, 2018 .
  134. ↑ Bernd Hillebrands: St. Christopher and Nevis. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 679-693, p. 681.
  135. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 325.
  136. ^ Bernd Hillebrands: St. Lucia. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 687-693, p. 689.
  137. ↑ Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , p. 689
  138. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. October 13, 1951, accessed September 28, 2018 .
  139. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 326/327.
  140. ↑ a b c New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Accessed October 7, 2018 (English).
  141. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 383.
  142. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 384.