Friulian War
The Friulian War (also known as the Gradiscan War or the Uskok War ) was a conflict between Venice and Archduke Ferdinand (later Emperor Ferdinand II) as the sovereign of Inner Austria .
Both parties tried in advance to reach an amicable settlement through the Treaty of Vienna 1612, but the conflict broke out again the following year. The war was primarily about the piracy of the Uskoks of Senj in the Adriatic , which the Republic of Venice lamented : Since the Uskoks, who had fled to the coast from Bosnia before the Ottoman conquest, settled on Habsburg territory, Venice requested the Habsburgs to settle Intervention. However, Venice's claim to sovereignty over the Adriatic and Habsburg's incessant advance into northern Italy also played a role in the conflict.
Since Archduke Ferdinand could not or did not want to bring about an end to the Uskoki activities, tensions with Venice intensified from 1613. However, acts of war did not arise until Venice began military action against the Archduke's territory in 1615 and finally besieged Gradisca , the Adriatic coast blocked and occupied Karlobag . The trigger for this was the attack by Uskoken on a Venetian galley in which the Venetian General Providur for Dalmatia died. The beginning of this war is therefore often dated to 1615, especially under the name Gradisca War. In return, Austrian troops and Uskoks invaded Venetian Istria . The Venetian siege of Giovanni de 'Medici was reinforced in May 1617 with 3,100 mercenaries who were collected in Holland by Johann Ernst von Nassau-Siegen , his brother Wilhelm von Nassau-Siegen , Joachim Ernst of Schleswig-Holstein and Peter Melander von Holzappel . On the Habsburg side, Wallenstein fought alongside Archduke Ferdinand for the first time . Emperor Matthias officially stayed out of the war.
Despite repelling the siege of Gradisca, Venice achieved its war goal: on September 26, 1617, it concluded the Treaty of Madrid with Ferdinand, as a result of which the Uskoks were expelled from Senj. However, Venice also lost an effective weapon against the Ottomans in the Adriatic and was then embroiled in several heavy wars with the Ottoman Empire in the coming decades.
literature
- Catherine Wendy Bracewell: The Uskoks of Senj. Piracy, banditry and holy was in the sixteenth-century Adriatic. Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY et al. 1992, ISBN 0-8014-2674-X .
- Anton Gnirs (Hrsg.): Austria's fight for its southern region on the Isonzo 1615-1617. As a chronicle of the 2nd Friulian War based on contemporary sources . Seidel & Sohn, Vienna 1916.
- Gunther Erich Rothenberg: The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522-1714 (= Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences. Vol. 48, ISSN 0073-5183 ). University of Illinois Press, Urbana IL 1960.
- Helfried Valentinitsch: Ferdinand II. - The Inner Austrian Lands and the Gradiskan War 1615–1618. In: Paul Urban, Berthold Suttner (Red.): Johannes Kepler. 1571-1971. Commemorative publication from the University of Graz. Leykam-Verlag, 1975, pp. 497-539.
Web links
- Frank Westenfelder: The Uskoks of Senj - Habsburg's watchdogs on the military border.
Individual evidence
- ^ Peter Bartl: Uskoken. In: Edgar Hösch , Karl Nehring, Holm Sundhaussen (eds.): Lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe (= UTB 8270). Böhlau, Vienna et al. 2004, ISBN 3-205-77193-1 , p. 718.