Göttingen model

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The Göttingen model by Franz Heigl and Annelise Heigl-Evers is a concept of group psychoanalysis . It was developed in the early 1970s and offers a differentiation of psychodynamic group therapies into psychoanalytic and depth psychologically founded treatment concepts (the latter as: psychoanalytically oriented and psychoanalytically-interactional group psychotherapy)

The model is specially tailored to severely disturbed patients with weak ego . For different diseases and treatment goals of the patients, corresponding treatment methods are offered, within which work is carried out with different depths of regression . The grading is based on the severity of the disorders.

In Germany, the Göttingen model is widely used mainly in the clinical area in inpatient, day-patient and outpatient treatment. The prerequisite is the suitability of a patient for group therapeutic treatment.

The aim of the treatment should be "the elimination or reduction of the disturbances while at the same time changing the pathogenetically important internal structures." In addition to the group dynamics according to Raoul Schindler , Heigl-Evers and Heigl also relied on Hannah Arendt , George C. Homans and David's hypothesis A. Rapaport , according to which all behavior is also socially determined.

Against the background of the concepts of the Göttingen model, psychodynamic group therapy procedures and behavior therapy-oriented group therapy concepts (e.g. Peter Fiedler 1996) can be represented within an overall picture of group therapies.

Group therapy based on depth psychology

Interactional

The psychoanalytical-interactional group psychotherapy works mainly in a supportive manner, with a positive offer of relationships, little confrontation, without therapeutic interpretation and the primary goal of establishing trust.

The group participant orients himself through conscious experience and according to his own assessment (through normative behavior regulation) which behavior is expected of him in the group and on the part of the therapist. This leads to the transfer of ego ideals (or the ideal function of the normative-legislative aspect of the superego) to the therapist.

This form of treatment is used for disorders such as psychosis, borderline personality disorder, substantial weakness of the ego due to pathogenic conflicts with underlying unconscious fantasies, as well as unfulfilled early instinctual wishes that are averted by splitting.

The objective is to experience support and protection in the group, with strengthening the ego functions, experiencing the group therapist as an auxiliary ego, initiating post-development and filling deficits, overcoming the division of the inner object relationship by reducing irrational fears in the protective environment.

Analytically oriented

The psychoanalytically oriented therapy works with the focus on the preconscious on a partly pre-conscious, partly unconscious level. The therapeutic working method is slightly conducive to regression, offers limited structuring and limited confrontation in connection with a supportive attitude by the therapist.

Since frustration favors the early defense mechanisms, it should be avoided here as far as possible in order to enable a reduction in early childhood dependence on parents.

The intervention style includes messages about various observations of oneself and others, as well as messages about one's own feelings and their interpretation. There is no interpretation of the underlying unconscious motives.

The psychoanalytically-oriented therapy is used for disorders with a less weakened ego strength than in the previous model. This shows unconscious and pathogenic conflicts about so-called instinctual descendants, unconscious wishes are warded off but without a predominant defense through splitting.

The aim is to break down overpowering parental images and early childhood dependencies as well as significantly improve the ego's ability to adapt and form judgments. The irrational background of fears should be recognized at the origin and autonomy and self-confidence should be promoted.

Psychoanalytic group therapy

Psychoanalytic group therapy promotes regression through reluctance / (abstinence) of the therapist. Deficits in the ego are interpreted by the therapist, so that the compensation of these deficits becomes recognizable and also their effects in interpersonal events. Post-ripening should enable autonomy here.

The therapist's style of intervention aims to gradually raise awareness of the unconscious fantasies and basic conflicts that have been revived in the group. The intervention includes the techniques of restraint / (maintenance of abstinence), the handling of transference and countertransference, and interpretation. The interpretation includes (the different phases shown by Greenson for the individual analysis) demonstration and confrontation, clarification, interpretation and working through the problem.

Psychoanalytic group therapy is used for disorders with conflicts between ego, id and superego, which cannot be endured due to a lack of ego strength. However, these conflicts are subject to so-called more mature defense mechanisms than in the previous models.

The aim of this treatment is the maturation in deficient ego functions. A strong self should be able to develop that is autonomous and less able to act.

See also

literature

  • Annelise Heigl-Evers , Franz Heigl : The Göttingen model of the application of psychoanalysis in groups with special consideration of the psychoanalytical-interactional method . In: Group Psychotherapy and Group Dynamics . Vol. 30 (1994), pp. 1-29.
  • Annelise Heigl-Evers , Franz Heigl : The interactional principle in individual and group psychotherapy. In: Journal for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy. Vol. 29 (1983), pp. 1-14.
  • Annelise Heigl-Evers , Franz Heigl : Group therapy: interactional - depth psychologically based (analytically oriented) - psychoanalytical. In: Group Psychotherapy and Group Dynamics . Vol. 7, Issue 2 (October 1973), pp. 132-157.
  • Annelise Heigl-Evers, Franz Heigl: Concepts of analytical group psychotherapy. 2nd, revised edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1978, ISBN 3-525-45286-1 .
  • Alfred Pritz , Elisabeth Vykoukal (ed.): Group psychoanalysis. Theory - technology - application. 2nd, modified edition. Facultas, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85076-578-4 .
  • Christian Reimer, Ulrich Rüger: Psychodynamische Psychotherapien: Textbook of the depth psychologically oriented psychotherapies . 3, completely revised and updated edition. Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-540-25384-X (describes the Göttingen model in the chapter on psychodynamic group therapies).
  • Hans-Adolf Hildebrandt: Addiction and Alienation . Kassel University Press, Kassel 2006, ISBN 978-3-89958-267-3 , pp. 215–230 ( uni-kassel.de [PDF; 3.2 MB ] Thesis, dissertation at the University of Kassel; Göttingen model according to Heigl-Evers / Heigl described in Chapter 6.2.2 Methods of group analysis).
  • Hermann Staats , Andreas Dally, Thomas Bolm (eds.): Group psychotherapy and group analysis: a text and learning book. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-647-40230-7 .
  • Klaus Walter Bilitza: Psychoanalytical-interactional psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic treatment in specialist clinics today. In: Psychotherapy in dialogue. Vol. 4 (2003), No. 2, pp. 130-135, doi: 10.1055 / s-2003-39512 (describes, inter alia, the Göttingen model).
  • Karl König , Mohammad E. Ardjomandi, Ursula Henneberg-Mönch, Reinhard Kreische, Wulf-Volker Lindner, Ulrich Streeck: On the Göttingen Model - analytical and analytically oriented (depth psychologically founded) group psychotherapy . In: Group Psychotherapy and Group Dynamics . tape 29 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1993, p. 115-119 .
  • Karl König: Group analysis in the Göttingen model: Theoretical foundations and practical tips. Mattes, Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-86809-006-2 .
  • Ulrich Streeck , Falk Leichsenring : Manual of psychoanalytical-interactional therapy: Treatment of patients with structural disorders and severe personality disorders. 3rd, revised and expanded edition 2015. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-525-40246-7 .
  • List with further literature on the website of the Working Group on Group Psychotherapy and Group Analysis AGG

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Karl König: Indication for group psychotherapy for personality disorders . In: Volker Tschuschke, Rainer Weber, Karl König, Ulrich Streeck, Christian Stiglmayr, Kirsten Schehr, Martin Bohus (eds.): Group psychotherapy for personality disorders . Issue 2. Schattauer GmbH, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-7945-1915-9 ( online [PDF]). - ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Issue 2 )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / 82.139.217.185  
  2. ^ Heigl-Evers / Heigl (1978), 122.
  3. ^ Heigl-Evers / Heigl (1973), 132.
  4. ↑ Peter Fiedler 1996 behavior therapy in and with groups. Psychological psychotherapy in practice. Beltz, Weinheim.
  5. ^ Heigl-Evers / Heigl (1973), 135.
  6. ^ Alfred Pritz, Elisabeth Vykoukal: Gruppenpsychoanalyse. P. 40.
  7. ^ Heigl-Evers / Heigl (1973), 153.
  8. ^ A b Alfred Pritz, Elisabeth Vykoukal: Gruppenpsychoanalyse. P. 41.
  9. ↑ Heigl-Evers / Heigl (1973), 142f.