Outline number

Outline numbers belong to the key figures in statistics and indicate the percentage of a sub-size in relation to the overall size.

General

Among the key figures are ratios that turn into subordinate numbers, relationship numbers , index numbers and metrics are divided. Structural numbers are formed from the quotient of the same statistical mass. The denominator stands for the total mass, the numerator for a partial mass of it. Outline numbers are dimensionless because they have no unit of measure ; The specification of the structure numbers is therefore usually in percent, the number of the structure multiplied by 100. The total mass is compared to a partial mass formed from it as a percentage.

Percentages

Percentages describe proportions and relate to a basic value . The base value is the output variable to which the percentage refers. The percentage foot indicates how many hundredths of the basic value the percentage is and thus denotes a size ratio relative to the basic value. The absolute determination of this quantity is called a percentage . The percentage value has the same unit as the basic value. The following applies: ${\displaystyle G}$ ${\displaystyle p}$ ${\displaystyle W}$

${\displaystyle W=p\,\%\cdot G={\frac {p}{100}}\cdot G}$.

The term percentage is used differently in the specialist literature . Some authors use it for the expression p% , others use it for the expression p .

Examples

Percentages are the most typical number. These can be physical quantities such as the birth rate :

${\displaystyle {\text{Geburtenziffer}}={\frac {\text{Lebendgeburten}}{\text{Einwohnerzahl}}}\cdot 100\,\%}$.

The birth rate or birth rate indicates how many live births per year are recorded in relation to the total number of inhabitants .

The unemployment rate is an economic indicator that shows the share of registered unemployed in the total of the civilian labor force (i.e. all employed persons and unemployed), which is largely defined by the size of the population:

${\displaystyle {\text{Arbeitslosenquote}}={\frac {\text{Anzahl der registrierten Arbeitslosen}}{{\text{Anzahl der zivilen Erwerbstätigen}}+{\text{Anzahl der registrierten Arbeitslosen}}}}\cdot 100\,\%}$.

Abstract economic values can also be put into perspective with the help of percentages:

${\displaystyle {\text{Eigenkapitalquote}}={\frac {\text{Eigenkapital}}{\text{Bilanzsumme}}}\cdot 100\,\%}$.

The equity ratio shows the share of equity in a company's total assets . With the export quota , the flow of export earnings are compared to the gross domestic product (GDP):

${\displaystyle {\text{Exportquote}}={\frac {\text{Exporterlöse}}{\text{Bruttoinlandsprodukt}}}\cdot 100\,\%}$.

It states what percentage of all goods and services produced in the state make up export revenues . Such structural numbers are usually called "quota", which is used as a base word in the compound word.

Another number is the relative frequency .

Misinterpretation

The frequency of an issue can only be deduced from the breakdown numbers if the total amount is reasonable. A misinterpretation occurs, for example, if the age distribution of the deceased is used to infer the mortality of the individual age group . A particularly high percentage of deaths in a certain age group does not have to be due to a higher mortality rate, but may be due to the fact that this age group is particularly well represented in the population.

meaning

Especially in the economic statistics division numbers come in the form of percentages very common, because they provide for decision-makers (such as companies or analysts ) an important decision criterion. Thus, which provides quota for women executives clues as to whether the human resources improvements are still needed.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Claus Brell / Juliana Brell / Siegfried Kirsch, Statistics from Zero to Hundred , 2017, p. 69
2. ↑ Wolfgang Polasek, Explorative Data Analysis: Introduction to Descriptive Statistics , 1988, p. 176
3. ↑ Henry Holland / Kurt crowd Bacher, Fundamentals of Statistics , 2010, p 60
4. ↑ Jürgen Tietze, Introduction to Financial Mathematics . 10th edition, 2010, pp. 1-2
5. ^ Meyers Lexikonverlag (ed.), Meyers kleine Enzyklopädie Mathematik , 1995, p. 149
6. ↑ Martin Missong, collection of exercises on descriptive statistics , 2005, p. 208
7. ↑ Felix Klezl-Norberger, General Methods of Statistics , 1946, p. 123
8. ↑ Felix Klezl-Norberger, General Methods of Statistics , 1946, p. 123