Gordiene

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Gordiene ( ancient Greek Γορδυηνή ), also known as Corduene , Gorduene , Cordyene , Cardyene , Gordyaia , Korduene , Korchayk and Girdiyan , refers to an ancient state in northern Mesopotamia , in what is now the Kurdistan region . Gordiene was south-east of Greater Armenia . According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , Gordiene is the ancient name of the region of Bohtan ( Şırnak Province ). In Syrian sources it is referred to as Beth Qardū and a small vassal state between Armenia and Persia . It is said to have been in the mountainous region around Lake Van in what is now Turkey . The state extended to the left bank of the Tigris .

Origin of the name

The name Corduene is possibly derived from the tribe of the Karduchoi (Καρδουχοι), mentioned by Xenophon in the Anabasis (4.18). The different names probably stem from the difficult transcription of the "ch" in Latin. The name Karduchoi could also come from Armenian , as the syllable -choi often replaces the Armenian plural suffix -kh. The inhabitants of the region presumably spoke an Iranian language and were, according to Mekerdich Chahin, descendants of the Medes . According to Xenophon, however, the Karduchoi spoke a Scythian dialect.

It is mentioned in Roman sources

The Roman historian Strabon (11, 747) equates Gordiaia and Gordini with the Karduchoi Xenophons. Strabo used the term Gordiene (Γορδυηνη: Gordiene or Γορδυαια ορη: Gordiaea) for the mountains between Diyarbakır and Mus . The largest cities are said to have been Sareisa ( Şarış ) near Ergani , Satalka and Pinaka (16.1.24). Pinaka is identified with Finek , Cizre, or Eski Yapi. Ammianus Marcellinus mentions it as Phaenicha in the Zabdikene , the Syrian name was Phenek. According to Strabo, the Gordini were great builders and known as experts in siege weapon construction. The Carduene of the Roman sources is also identified with the Gordiene. Ammianus Marcellinus visited the region on a diplomatic trip. Pliny names a king Zarbinios (Hist. Nat. 6, 44).

history

189 to 90 BC Gordiene was an independent state. Then Phraates III ruled . from Parthia as well as Tigranes II. from Armenia across the country. Under Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus it was conquered by the Romans . After Tigranes had destroyed the cities and moved parts of the population to Tigranocerta , there was no longer any resistance to Armenian rule. 69 BC BC Zarbienus, king of Gordiene, planned a revolt against Tigranes. He called Rome for assistance with the help of Appius Claudius Pulcher , but the uprising failed and Zarbienus was killed by Tigranes. Then Lucullus had a monument erected for Zarbienus and conquered Gordyene.

After Pompey's successes against Pontus and Armenia, he advanced to the Euphrates and reclaimed Gordyene from the Parthians. Since they wanted to avoid a conflict with Rome, Afranius, sent by Pompey, was able to take the area without a fight. The remaining Parthians were driven out of the country. The state became a Roman vassal.

In the 3rd century Diocletian conquered the country again and the Roman affiliation of the area was confirmed in a peace treaty between Rome and Persia . The name of the province appears again in reports of a battle between the Persians under Shapur II and Rome under Julian . Under Jovian (363–364) the Romans gave up Gordiene after they were unable to take Seleukia-Ctesiphon .

As a result of the victory over Narseh in 296 a peace treaty was signed, which slams the north bank of the Tigris with Gordiene under the Roman sphere of influence. In the spring of 360 Shapur II began a campaign to take the city ( Singara ). The city fell after a few days of siege. After this victory, Shapur continued on his way north, abandoning Nisibis and attacking the fortress Bezabde ( Cizre or Eski Hendek ). This fortress controlled the region on the Tigris, where it flows from the mountains into the plains and where many trade routes run along. Therefore the castle was extended by the Romans with a double wall and three legions occupied. With a trick Shapur managed to overcome the walls, but there was a battle, at the end of which the city was taken and the defenders slaughtered.

Today the area belongs to Turkey. The people of Gordiene are often seen as the ancestors of today's Kurds .

Timeline

to the Persian Empire 595–331 BC Chr.
to Alexander the Great 331–301 BC Chr.
to the Seleucid Empire 301–189 BC Chr.
independent 189–90 BC Chr.
to Armenia 90–66 BC Chr.
at Rome 66 BC Chr. – 37 AD
to the Parthian Empire 37–47
at Rome 47–252
on the Sassanid Empire 252–287
at Rome 287–384
to Armenia 384-428
to the Sassanid Empire 428–653
to the Umayyad Caliphate .

literature

Adolf Baumgartner : Γορδυηνή. In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume VII, 2, Stuttgart 1912, Col. 1594 f.
Michał Marciak: Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene. Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West (= Impact of Empire . Band 26 ). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2017, ISBN 978-90-04-35070-0 , pp. 161–254 ( specialist review ).
Gordyene . In: Richard D. Sullivan: Near Eastern Royalty and Rome. 1990.
Hans Treidler: Gordyaia. In: The Little Pauly (KlP). Volume 2, Stuttgart 1967, column 847.
Josef Wiesehöfer : Gordyaia. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 4, Metzler, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-476-01474-6 , Sp. 1149.

Individual evidence

↑ Darius . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 7 : Constantine Pavlovich - Demidov . London 1910, section Darius III., Codomannus , p. 833 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).
↑ utexas.edu
↑ M. Chahin: Before the Greeks . Lutterworth Press, Cambridge 1996, ISBN 0-7188-2950-6 , p. 109
^ Nigel Pollard, Soldiers, cities, and civilians in Roman Syria 2000, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2000, 288. ISBN 0-472-11155-8
^ PM Michèle Daviau, John William Wevers, Michael Weigl, Paul-Eugène Dio (eds.): The world of the Aramaeans III: Studies in Language . and Literature in Honor of Paul-Eugène Dion. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield 2001, p. 173
^ Nigel Pollard: Soldiers, cities, and civilians in Roman Syria . 2000, p. 288
^ Raymond Van Dam: Kingdom of Snow: Roman rule and Greek culture in Cappadocia . University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 2002
↑ my.raex.com

[1] Darius . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 7 : Constantine Pavlovich - Demidov . London 1910, section Darius III., Codomannus , p. 833 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).

[2] utexas.edu

[3] M. Chahin: Before the Greeks . Lutterworth Press, Cambridge 1996, ISBN 0-7188-2950-6 , p. 109

[4] Nigel Pollard, Soldiers, cities, and civilians in Roman Syria 2000, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2000, 288. ISBN 0-472-11155-8

[5] PM Michèle Daviau, John William Wevers, Michael Weigl, Paul-Eugène Dio (eds.): The world of the Aramaeans III: Studies in Language . and Literature in Honor of Paul-Eugène Dion. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield 2001, p. 173

[6] Nigel Pollard: Soldiers, cities, and civilians in Roman Syria . 2000, p. 288

[7] Raymond Van Dam: Kingdom of Snow: Roman rule and Greek culture in Cappadocia . University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 2002

[8] y.raex.com