Gothic grammar
The grammar of the Gothic language is the oldest almost completely attested grammar of a single Germanic language, plus the only grammar from the East Germanic branch of the language. It is mainly derived from the Wulfilabibel . By the early tradition of the Gothic is the grammar of particular importance, since the Gothic to the Proto-Germanic is both a sound as in the morphological range significantly closer than the other old Germanic languages.
The Gothic noun
The Gothic noun is declined after case and number.
Fundamental relation type
Gothic is a morphological accusative language .
Nominal inflection
In the nominal inflection (the declination) there are 4 or 6 morphological cases. Sometimes vocative and instrumental (remainder) are not added due to their dwindling.
Nominative
The nominative is the most common of the cases used in the Gothic language. The subject (subject of the sentence) is in the nominative and occurs in almost every complete sentence. It can only appear next to a verb that is inflected in person and number (Latin numerus ) (finite verb). The nominative is a case that either designates the subject as the carrier of the action (active clause) or the subject as the sufferer of the action (passive clause).
Example sentences
- Sa hunds ni beitiþ (this / the dog does not bite).
- þai wulfos beitand (these / the wolves bite).
- Sa þiudans gibiþ máiþm (this / the king gives (a) gift).
- Sa mats gibada (the meat is given).
Genitive
The genitive is usually used to represent possession or a close relationship between nouns. In Gothic there are (as in German) various suffix morphemes that characterize the genitive, depending on the declension class, gender and number:
- Þiudanis barna (children of (a) king).
- Þiudane barna (children (of) kings).
- Þis þiudanis barna (children of this / the king).
- Þize þiudane barna (children of these kings).
- Þo barna þis þiudanis (The children of this / the king).
- Þo barna þize þiudane (The children of these kings).
dative
As in German, the dative is used to denote an indirect object, e.g. B .:
- Sa þiudan's gaf amma barna maiþm. (The king gave the children a gift.)
- Þai þiudanos gebun þaim skalkam silubr. (The kings gave silver to the servants.)
Sometimes it can be used to name a direct object in certain verbs; this includes the verbs tekan "touch" and waírpan "throw".
- Sa Skalks taítok þamma barna. (The servant touched the child.)
- Þata barn warp þamma stáina. (The child threw the stone.)
Mostly it is used together with prepositions. Some prepositions that require the dative case are:
- af (from, since)
- * afar (after)
- * ana (on, on, for)
- * at (to, at, to)
- * bi (to, at, according, to, because of)
- you (to, for)
- faura (before (temporally))
- fram (from, since, from-her)
- in (in, on (temporal), open, with, closed, for)
- miþ (with)
- * uf (open)
- * ufar (above, beyond)
- us (from, since, from, from-to)
The prepositions marked with an asterisk can also require accusative.
accusative
In the Gothic language, the accusative marks the semantic role that does not act actively but suffers something.
- Þai Gumans saíhvand þans ƕaito stainans. (The men see the white stones.)
- Þai Barna ni saihvand þana giba. (The children do not see the present.)
- sa Skalks ni swariþ Aiþans. (The servant does not (actually never) swear oaths.)
Instrumental
The instrumental is only preserved in remainders and fixed prepositions. This morphological case disappeared earlier than in most other old Germanic languages (even in Old High German it is more or less preserved). See, for example, þe [h] “with it, with this”; hey "with whom"; ni þeei "not, as ...".
vocative
The opposite is true for the vocative, which has been lost in all other Germanic languages but is still preserved in Gothic (only with regard to the German language is discussed whether this still exists and only coincides completely with the nominative. See vocative ) . In Gothic, the vocative is completely preserved in both the singular and the plural, although the plural is used less often. In Gothic it is sometimes the same as the nominative and sometimes the accusative in its endings. However, he has no article; as an article of the vocative one could consider “o”, which is usually left out. For example with “Oh Sunu” (O son).
Genera (gender)
Gothic knows three sexes, but they are not natural sexes; d. i.e. the system corresponds to that of German:
- Feminine (female) e.g. B. So Giba (the gift).
- Masculine (male) e.g. B. Sa Stains (the stone).
- Neuter (neuter) z. B. þata Triu (the wood).
Numbers
In the category of numbers, a distinction was made between two categories:
- Singular (singular).
- Plural (plural).
A special case exists with the dual (two-number), which has been retained in the verbal inflection (the conjugation), but not with the nouns.
Personal pronouns
The declension of personal pronouns in Gothic looks like this:
number | person | genus | Nominative | accusative | Genitive | dative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | 1. | ik | mik | meina | mis | |
2. | þu | þik | þeina | þus | ||
3. | Masculine | is | ina | ize | imma | |
Feminine | si | ija | izos | izái | ||
neuter | ita | ita | is | imma | ||
dual | 1. | wit | ugkis | ugkara | ugkis | |
2. | jit | igqis | igqara | ugkis | ||
Plural | 1. | know | us | unsara | us | |
2. | jus | izwis | izwara | izwis | ||
3. | Masculine | ice | ins | ize | in the | |
Feminine | ijos | ijos | izo | in the | ||
neuter | ija | ija | ize | in the |
What is remarkable about the Gothic pronouns is their archaic appearance, they combine many elements of the Latin pronouns (e.g. 3rd person pl.) And West Germanic pronouns: On the one hand, the dual of Old English, on the other hand, especially the 1st person singular ( * k <* ch) of Old High German . This made Gothic personal pronouns particularly interesting from a linguistic perspective. B. as a starting point for the beginning of the reconstruction of an Indo-European original language in the 19th century.
relative pronoun
In Gothic there is still no real relative pronoun; Relative clauses are introduced by a combination of demonstrative pronouns / articles (sa, so, þata) and the particle “ ei ”. In most cases the resulting word is simple: sa + ei = sa ei ".., the"; þáim + ei = þáim ei "to those who ..".
In some cases, however, there is " sandhi, " a change where the elements come together. There are two types of sandhi associated with these pronouns:
- Omission of the a at the beginning of many
- Voicing: the final s becomes z
Masculine | neuter | Feminine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | Sa ei | þai ei | þat ei | þo ei | So egg | þoz egg |
Genitive | þiz ei | þiz ei | þiz ei | þiz ei | þizoz ei | þizo ei |
dative | þamm ei | þaim ei | þamm ei | þaim ei | þizai ei | þizom ei |
accusative | þan egg | þanz egg | þat ei | þo ei | þo ei | þoz egg |
Interrogative pronouns
They are still relatively strong in Gothic (singular). Old High German had a similar constellation (this was, however, greatly reduced in the development of New High German ).
On closer inspection, the interrogative pronouns of the neuter show an irregularity: They are not, as expected, ƕata , but ƕa ; in comparison, the pronoun i ta and the article þa ta .
Singular | |||
---|---|---|---|
Male | Really | Female | |
Nominative | ƕas | ƕa | ƕō |
accusative | ƕana | ƕa | ƕō |
Genitive | ƕis | ƕis | * ƕizos |
dative | ƕamma | ƕamma | ƕizai |
- the plural is only known in one pronoun: ƕanzuh .
Ex: ƕanzuh: insandida ins twans ƕanzuh (he sent her on / away from two and two)
possessive pronouns
The possessive pronouns are possessive adjectives. These are used much more frequently than the genitive of personal pronouns in the first and second person.
They usually follow the noun
they are referring to and agree with it in gender, number, and case. There are:
- mine: mine
- þone: yours
- ugkar: our (dual)
- igqar: your (dual) (but see Bavarian "enker" 'your'!)
- unsar: our (plural)
- izwar: your (plural)
These adjectives are never weakly declined. In ugkar, igqar, unsar and izwar the -s is missing at the end of the nominative singular masculine. Furthermore, you can never add the -ata in the nominative and accusative neuter to these four adjectives in the plural (unsarata, igqarata, etc.). The neutral form is in these cases with the nom. Sg. Mask. identical, without ending. Otherwise the adjectives are declined just like any other strong adjective: Skalksos mein ái "my servants", in razn þein amma "in your house" etc.
To these adjectives we can add sein . This adjective is rare because it has no nominative, only accusative, genitive and dative. To be means "to be, you" (3rd person Sg. + Pl.) Without distinction of gender or number. However, it can only be used to refer to the subject of the sentence. Compare:
- Sa manna sahv dog seinana. The man saw his (own) dog.
- Sa manna sahv dog is. The man saw his dog (from someone else).
- Þái gumans drugkun wine seinata. The men drank their (own) wine.
- Þái gumans drugkun wine ize. The men drank their wine (from other people).
Example declination my-
Masculine | neuter | Feminine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | my s | my ai | my ata / my | my a | my a | my os |
Genitive | my is | my ize | my is | my ize | my áizos | my áizo |
dative | my amma | my aim | my amma | my aim | my ai | my aim |
accusative | my ana | my ans | my ata / my | my os | my a | my os |
Definite article
In Gothic there is only one specific article that is also a demonstrative pronoun. It is astonishingly similar to the German definite article and also the demonstrative article in handling. With this specific article, which is also a demonstrative pronoun, one can understand particularly well the development of specific articles and demonstrative pronouns in the expiring Old Germanic or in Old High German, Old English and Old Norse. One can still draw parallels with the Icelandic demonstrative pronouns (cf.Isl. Þessi and got. Þize)
Masculine | neuter | Feminine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | Sat | þai | þata | þo | So | þos |
Genitive | þis | þize | þis | þize | þizos | þizo |
dative | þamma | þaim | þamma | þaim | þizai | þizom |
accusative | þana | þans | þata | þo | þo | þos |
In addition, one can now list the Old English definite article and the Old English demonstrative pronouns for comparison.
- Definite article
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Really | Female | ||
Nominative | Se | þæt | sēo | þā |
accusative | þone | þæt | þā | þā |
Genitive | þæs | þæs | þæs | þāra, þǣra |
dative | þǣm, þām | þǣm, þām | þǣre | þǣm, þām |
- Demonstrative pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Really | Female | ||
Nominative | þes | þis | þēos | þās |
accusative | þisne | þis | þās | þās |
Genitive | þis (s) it | þis (s) it | þisse, þisre | þissa, isra |
dative | þis (s) um | þis (s) um | þisse | þis (s) um |
There is no indefinite article in Gothic.
noun
In the inflected forms of the noun, a distinction must be made between the inflected stem and the case endings. According to the starting point of the flexion stem, a distinction is made in Gothic between a vocalic (after Jacob Grimm : strong) and a consonantic (after Jacob Grimm: weak) declination.
Due to late Germanic and pre-Gothic developments, the end of the inflected stem is not recognizable in every form of declension. In the vowel stems it can still be seen in the dative plural and accusative plural: a -stems dag a m , dag a ns ↔ ō -stems gib o m , gib o s ↔ i -stems gast i m , gast i ns ↔ u -Trains sun u m , sun u ns . In the case of the consonant stems , the inflected stem appears most clearly in front of endings that begin with a vowel, see: gum an e , qin on o , manag an o.
Vowel declination
a -strains (mask. and neutr.)
The Gothic a -stems, which contain both masculine and neuter, set urgerm. a strains and ultimately uridg. o tribes continued, so that they can be compared with the Latin and ancient Greek o tribes (type: Latin lupus 'wolf', Greek lúkos 'wolf'). At the urgerm. a tribes there was a change in the suffix between * - a - and * - e - (<uridg. * o : * e ), which in Got. as - a -: - i - is continued. The a -stems fall into three classes due to phonetic developments:
- pure a strains
- i̯a strains
- u̯a strains
Pure a strains
Paradigm of the masculine and neutral a -stems: dags m. 'Day', hlaifs m. 'Bread', waurd n. 'Word', haubiþ n. 'Main':
m. dags , hlaifs | n. waurd , haubiþ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||
Nominative | dag s | hlaif s | dag os | hlaib os | waurd | haubiþ | waurd a | haubid a |
Genitive | dag is | hlaib is | dag e | hlaib e | waurd is | haubid is | waurd e | haubid e |
dative | dag a | hlaib a | dag on | hlaib am | waurd a | haubid a | waurd on | haubid am |
accusative | dag | hlaif | dag ans | hlaib ans | waurd | haubiþ | waurd a | haubid a |
vocative | dag |
- The regular alternation between f : b (nom.sg. Laufs * 'leaf': nom.pl. laubos ), þ : d (nom.sg. liuhaþ 'light': gen.sg. liuhadis ) and s : z (nom .sg. riqis 'darkness': gen.sg. riqizis ) is the result of the Gothic final hardening .
i̯a strain
The masculine i̯a stems separate because of an ending difference in those with a short stem syllable and those with a long stem syllable (ultimately due to Sievers' law ). The polysyllabic stems behave like the long-syllable stems. In the case of the neutral i̯a tribes, this difference in Gothic no longer exists; here the short-syllable type has prevailed.
Paradigm of the masculine and neutral i̯a stems: 1) shortsyllabic harjis m. 'Army', kuni n. 'Gender'; 2) long- syllable hairdeis m. 'Shepherd', reiki n. 'Kingdom':
m. harjis , hairdeis | n. kuni , reiki | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||
Nominative | harji s | hairdei s | harj os | hairdj os | kuni | reiki | kunj a | reikj a |
Genitive | harj is | hairde is | harj e | hairdj e | kunj is | reikj is | kunj e | reikj e |
dative | harj a | hairdj a | harj am | hairdj am | kunj a | reikj a | kunj am | reikj am |
accusative | hari | hairdi | harj ans | hairdj ans | kuni | reiki | kunj a | reikj a |
vocative | hari | hairdi |
u̯a strains
The u̯a stems are also differentiated from the pure a stems because of their special sounds . The shortsyllabic u̯a -stems have the sound m in the nominative singular. - us , n. - u , the long-syllable on the other hand the sound m. - ws , n. - w .
Paradigm of the masculine and neutral u̯a tribes: þius * m. 'Servant, servant', waurstw n. 'Work':
- Short syllable nouns (with short vowel)
þius , waurstw | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Nominative | þiu s | waurstw | þiw os | waurstw a |
Genitive | þiw is | waurstw is | þiw e | waurstw e |
dative | þiw a | waurstw a | þiw on | waurstw am |
accusative | þiu | waurstw | þiw ans | waurstw a |
vocative | þiu |
- The word nom.sg. aiws * '(life) time, eternity' fluctuates in the declination between a - and i -st .: gen.sg. aiwis , dat.sg. aiwa , akk.sg. aiw : dat.pl. aiwam (7 documents), akk.pl. aiwins (Mt. 6:13).
ō tribes (fem.)
The got. Ō -strains, which only contain feminine, put urgerm. ō tribes and ultimately uridg. eh₂ trunks away. The suffix ablaut, which was only marginal in Ur-Indo-European, no longer plays a role in Ur-Germanic. A distinction is made between the pure ō strains, the u̯ō strains and the i̯ō strains. The u̯ō and the shortsyllabic i̯ō stems show no deviations from the pure ō stems and can therefore be treated with these; It is different with the long- syllable i̯ō tribes.
Pure ō , u̯ō and short-syllable i̯ō stems
Paradigm of the fem. Ō -, u̯ō - and shortsyllabic iämō stems: 1) Pure ō stems: giba 'gift', 2) u̯ō stems: triggwa 'loyalty'; 3) i̯ō tribes: sunja 'truth'.
giba , triggwa , sunja | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
Nominative | give a | triggw a | sunj a | give os | triggerw os | sunj os |
Genitive | give os | triggerw os | sunj os | give o | triggw o | sunj o |
dative | give ai | triggw ai | sunj ai | give om | triggw om | sunj om |
accusative | give a | triggw a | sunj a | give os | triggerw os | sunj os |
Long- syllable i̯ō stems
The words with a long root syllable and those with the suffix * i̯ō in the third syllable go after this class , as well as - irregularly from the inner-Gothic point of view - also mawi 'girl' and þiwi 'maid'. Paradigm: bandi 'fetter', mawi 'girl':
bandi , mawi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Nominative | band i | maw i | band jos | mau jos |
Genitive | band jos | mau jos | band jo | mau yo |
dative | tied yes | mau yeah | band jom | mau jom |
accusative | tied yes | mau yes | band jos | mau jos |
- The long-syllable Gothic i̯ō stems continue a primeval Indo-European type, in which the suffix in the nominative and accusative singular appeared in the fading form * - ih₂ , in the other cases, however, in the full form * - i̯eh₂ .
U-trunk (all genera)
The U trunk is very different from the other two strong tribes. As suspected, he does not have a * Ju tribe or a Wu tribe. Furthermore, only two neuter nouns are known that belong to the U-tribe, namely * Faíhu (fortune) and * Paíru ( sting ) (also * qaíru according to different readings ). Probably also * leiþu (fruit wine).
Sunus, –jus son m. |
Handus, –us hand f. |
Faihu, ?? To have. |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||||
Nominative | Sunus / Sunáus | –Us / off | Sunjus | –Jus | Handus | –Us | Handus | –Us | Faihu | -U | Unknown | |
Genitive | Sunjus | –Jus | Suniwe | –Iwe | Handus | –Us | Handiwe | –Iwe | Faihaus | -out | Unknown | |
dative | Sunau | -Au | Sunum | -around | Handau | -Au | Quick | -around | Faihau | - | Unknown | |
accusative | Sunu / Sunau | -U | Sununs | -us | Handu | -U | Handuns | -us | Faíhu | -U | Unknown | |
vocative | Sunu / Sunau | –U / au | Handu | -u | Unknown |
Weak nouns
Weak male / neuter an-strain
Guma, -ns man m. |
Hairto, -ns heart n. |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||
Nominative | Guma | - | Gumans | -ans | Haírto | - | Haírtana | –Ana |
Genitive | Gumins | –Ins | Gumans | -Ane | Haírtins | –Ins | Haírtane | -Ane |
dative | Gumin | -in | Gumam | -at the | Hartin | -in | Haírtam | -at the |
accusative | Guman | –N | Gumans | –Ans | Haírto | - | Haírtona | –Ona |
vocative | Guma | - | Haírto |
Weak female on-strain
tuggo, –ns tongue f. |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Nominative | Tuggo [tuːŋgɔ] or [tʊŋgoː] |
- | Tuggons | –Ons |
Genitive | Tuggons | –Ons | Tuggono | -Ono |
dative | Tuggon | -On | Tuggom | –Om |
accusative | Tuggon | -On | Tuggons | –Ons |
Verbs
As in all Germanic languages, verbs are divided into forms, into weak and strong verbs.
Almost all Gothic verbs are based on the Primitive Indo-European principle of so-called "thematic" conjugation inflected , that is, put a so-called thematic vowel between root and flexion suffix a. The theme vowels reconstructed for Indo-European are * e and * o , in Gothic they are further developed to i and u . The other, “athematic” conjugation, in which suffixes are added directly to the root, only exists in Gothic with the verb wisan “to be” and with some classes of weakly declined verbs (e.g. the verb salbôn “anoint” retains its originating salbô- always unchanged at there are no signs topic added vowels such. as at Bairan (s. u.)). In the present indicative, as in all Indo-European languages, the athematic verb wisan shows many irregularities due to the alternation of normal and shrinkage levels:
- Present indicative: ik im, þu is, is is; wis si (j) um, jus si (j) uþ, ice are
As in all Germanic languages, there are two groups of verbs that are referred to as "strong" and "weak". Weak verbs form the past tense with the suffix -da / -ta , strong verbs with ablaut :
- weak: salbôn - salbôda - salbôdedun - salboþs, "anoint - I / he anointed - they anointed - anointed"
- strong: qiman - qam - qemun - qumans, "come - I / he came - they came - came"
Archaisms
The Gothic has preserved some ancient elements from the primeval Indo-European period: On the one hand, two dual forms ("we both" and "you both"), on the other hand a synthetic (medio) passive in the present tense:
-
Dual indicative:
- baíros "we both wear", sôkjôs "we both look for"
- báirats "you both wear", sôkjats "you both look for"
-
Dual optative :
- baíraiwa "we both deceive " , salbôwa "we both anointed"
- baíraits "you both wear", salbôts "you both anoint"
-
Dual imperative :
- baírats! “You both should wear!”, Salbôts! "You both should anoint!"
-
Dual past tense :
- Indicative: bêru, bêruts / salbôdêdu, salbôdêduts
- Optional : bêrweiwa, already / salbôdeiwa, salbôdeits
-
Passive indicative :
- 1st and 3rd person singular: baírada / salbôda "will | be carried / anointed"
- 2nd person singular: baíraza / salbôza "are carried / anointed"
- in the full plural: baíranda / salbônda "are | will be carried / anointed"
-
Passive Optative :
- 1st and 3rd person singular: baíraidau / habaidau "would be worn / had"
- 2nd person singular: baíraidau / habaizau "are worn / had"
- in the full plural: baíraindau / habaindau "are | are worn / had"
Notes: The first person has been replaced in the passive by the 3rd person singular. In the plural, the 3rd person replaces the we and you form. In the following, the dual and passive forms are not discussed further!
Strong verbs
Class I (a / b) (ei-ai-i / ai-i / ai)
infinitive | greipan | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Present participle | greipands | |||
past participle | gripans | |||
Singular | ||||
First person | Second person | Third person | ||
ik | þu | is / si / ita | ||
active | present | greipa | greipis | greipiþ |
past | gráip | gráipt | gráip | |
Optional | present | greipau | greipais | greipai |
past | gripjau | gripeis | gripi | |
passive | indicative | greipada | greipaza | greipada |
Optional | greipaidau | greipaizau | greipaidau | |
imperative | - | greip | greipadau | |
dual | ||||
First person | Second person | |||
wit | jut | |||
active | present | greipôs | greipats | - |
past | gripu | griputs | - | |
Optional | present | greipaiwa | greipaits | - |
past | gripeiwa | grip side | - | |
passive | indicative | Greipanda | Greipanda | - |
Optional | greipaindau | greipaindau | - | |
imperative | - | greipats | - | |
Plural | ||||
First person | Second person | Third person | ||
know | jus | ice / ija / ijos | ||
active | present | greipam | greipiþ | greipand |
past | gripum | gripuþ | gripun | |
Optional | present | greipaima | greipaiþ | greipaina |
past | gripeima | gripeiþ | gripeina | |
passive | indicative | Greipanda | Greipanda | Greipanda |
Optional | greipaindau | greipaindau | greipaindau | |
imperative | greipam | greipiþ | greipandau |
swell
- GH Balg: A comparative glossary of the Gothic language with especial reference to English and German. Westermann & Company, New York 1889. (digitized)
- R. Bethge: Gothic. In: F. Dieter: Phonology and Forms of Old Germanic Dialects . Leipzig 1898–1900. (Pp. 21-35: vocalism, pp. 193-214: consonantism, pp. 391-408: conjugation, pp. 568-602: declination).
- W. Binnig: Gothic elementary book. 5., completely reworked. Edition of the earlier illustration by H. Hempel. Berlin u. a. 1999.
- W. Braune, Fr. Heidermanns: Gothic grammar with reading pieces and dictionary. 20th edition. Tuebingen 2004.
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