Grader
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A grader , also called a leveler , earth planer or road planer , is a construction machine for creating large, flat surfaces.
history
Graders are among the oldest machines in earthworks . The first grader was built by Champion in 1876. For a long time it was pulled by horses and later on caterpillar tractors. In 1921 the American Rippel Corp. the first motor grader developed. The first motor grader in Europe came from the Augsburg Gebrüder Frisch ironworks from 1936.
function
Typical graders have three axes . Small, biaxial graders are less common. The rear-mounted engine and the driver 's cab are usually located above the driven tandem rear axle. The pendulum arrangement of the tandem axle causes a smoother run on the leveled ground and thus has less effects on the blade. In addition, the double rear axle results in lower ground pressure and thus fewer marks on the subgrade. In order to achieve the longest possible wheelbase and thus great smoothness on uneven terrain, the steerable front axle is arranged on a long, high-mounted front frame. In the middle of the vehicle, between the axles and under the frame bars, there is a wide shield, the so-called share . With most graders, the coulter can be rotated 360 °, tilted (cutting angle adjustment), laterally displaced and adjusted by approx. 90 ° on both sides, so that inclined surfaces can also be processed. Many graders are also equipped with a front shield for pushing bulk goods and help with other earth movements. Often the front wheels can be tilted to the side in order to better absorb the side forces caused by the inclined blade. Many graders also have rear rippers to loosen up the soil.
A typical area of application for graders is, among other things, road and path construction , where it is used to level the substructure of asphalt roads or the surface layer of unpaved roads and paths. It can also be used on inclined planes and as a slope planer. Graders are also used for other earth movements on larger areas, e.g. B. used in sports field construction. Graders can also be used to clear snow. Some manufacturers offer special graders for underground mining.
A distinction is made between graders (as is often the case with construction machines) according to their operating weight. Further characteristics are engine power and share width in feet . However, the weight is decisive. The other factors are tailored to the operating weight.
Grader manufacturers include:
See also
literature
- Dieter Lemser: Flachbagger (part 4) , TIEFBAU 4/2007, pp. 204–212, PDF download in the knowledge portal of the TU Dresden (PDF file)
- Till Schauen: Wegbereiter , In: Last & Kraft, Heft 6/2010, pp. 34–38 , VF Verlagsgesellschaft, Mainz 2010, ISSN 1613-1606
Web links
- Video with pictures of the techn. Development - in the past until today
- Pictures / videos of various graduation projects
- Caterpillar grader
- HBM graders
- Augusta road planer around 1939/1940
Individual evidence
- ↑ Reference to the history of the grader ( memento of the original from January 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
