Gramontenser
The Grammontenses (Latin Ordo Grandimontensium , named after a locality Grandmont near Saint-Sylvestre in the Haute-Vienne department in France ) were a monastic religious order founded by Stephan von Muret († 1125) as a reform order in 1074 , which arose from the hermit movement . The rule of the order was recognized in 1156 by Pope Hadrian IV . The order flourished in the last third of the 12th century. At the beginning of the 13th century there were over 150 Grammontenser priories - all in France. In 1771 the order was under Louis XV. dissolved.
Order ideals
Similar to the Cistercians , who also emerged in this epoch, the Grammontens originally did not want to live from taxes from dependent farmers, but from their own work or from individual donations from visitors. Therefore, the monastery communities could not only consist of contemplative spiritual choir monks, but also took up conversations , i.e. working lay brothers. Compared with other orders - especially with the Cistercians - in which conversers were more or less subordinate workers, the lay brothers had a particularly strong position among the Grammontensians. They were given full responsibility for the entire monastery business, while the choir monks only took care of their spiritual tasks, especially prayer. The monks of the order refused priestly activities; the branches of the order were known for their charitable hospitality towards pilgrims.
Others
- Stephan von Muret was in 1189 by Pope Clement III. canonized.
- A well-known member of the order was the future Pope Clement V (1305-1314).
- The order was enormously weakened by the Hundred Years War (1337–1453) and the Huguenot Wars (1562–1598).
- The order was repealed by Pope Clement XIV in 1772 ; this was made by King Louis XVI. confirmed in 1784.
- The last abbot of Grandmont, Xavier Mondain de la Maison Rouge, died in 1787.
- The buildings of about 50 cells or priories of the Grammontenses are still preserved.
See also
literature
- Max Heimbucher: The orders and congregations of the Catholic Church . Volume 1.3. Schöningh, Paderborn 1908, pp. 320–329.
- Birgitt Legrand: The monastery complexes of the Grammontensians - studies of French religious architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries . Dissertation, University of Freiburg i. Br. 2006 ( full text ).
- Martine Larigauderie-Beijeaud: Grandmont. De l'ermitage à la seigneurie ecclésiastique, 12e-18e siècles . Dissertation, Université de Poitiers, 2004 (4 volumes).
- Bruno W. Häuptli: Stephan von Muret. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 27, Bautz, Nordhausen 2007, ISBN 978-3-88309-393-2 , Sp. 1381-1384.
Web links
- Info brochure of the Grandmont Monastery on the history and dissemination of the order (PDF; 1.9 MB / French)