Hang-bang time

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Hypothetical expansion of the Văn Lang empire around 500 BC Chr.

As Hồng Bang Dynasty or Hồng-bang time ( Vietnamese: . Thời Kỳ HONGBANG or thời đại HONGBANG or HONGBANG thị , chữ Hán :鴻龐氏) of the first legendary section is Vietnamese history called. Allegedly, between 2879 B.C. BC and 258 BC Chr. Eighteen so-called Hùng Kings ( Hùng Vương ,雄王) - possibly eighteen dynasties are meant - about the kingdom of Văn Lang (文郎) located along the middle reaches and deltas of the Red River stretched. According to tradition, the empire was divided into fifteen regions ( bộ ); the capital was in Phong Chau in today 's Phu Thú province .

historicity

The kingdom of Văn Lang is mentioned for the first time in a Chinese text of the Tang dynasty (7th to 9th centuries AD - a millennium later), the first Vietnamese mention is found in a poem by Phạm Sư Mạnh from the middle of 14th century. A detailed description was then given for the first time in the 15th century by the historian Ngô Sĩ Liên , on whose work all later representations are based. Since there are no contemporary sources , modern historians regard the entire period as a purely mythological and fictional tradition . It is believed that Ngô Sĩ Liên was concerned with portraying Vietnam as the older empire in comparison with China in order to historically establish the independent Vietnamese identity and the independence that had only been regained a few decades earlier.

However, at least for the late phase of the Hồng-Bàng period, contemporary Chinese sources document a state in the region, namely the empire of the Lạc Việt ( Luo yue ), which is therefore mostly equated with Văn Lang. The term “Hùng” (king) probably originated from the misinterpretation of the Chinese character for “Lạc” . The archaeological Bronze Age and Iron Age Đông-Sơn culture are also associated with Văn Lang . Vietnamese historians in particular consider the discovery of Đông-Sơn bronze drums in large parts of Southeast Asia as an argument for an influential and orderly cultural community with far-reaching sea trade connections.

Traditional history

Depiction of the Hùng kings in the Independence Palace . Painting by Trọng Nội , 1966.

According to Vietnamese mythology, the kingdom called Xích Quỷ was founded by Kinh Dương Vương , a descendant of the great emperor Shennong . His son and successor, Lạc Long Quân, married the fairy u Cơ , with whom he had a hundred children hatched from eggs. The couple eventually broke up. Fifty children accompanied the mother into the mountains, where they became the ancestors of the mountain peoples (such as the Mường ); the other fifty accompanied the father to the sea, where they became the ancestors of the lowland Vietnamese . Under Lạc Long Quân the empire was given the name Văn Lang, and his descendants ruled there as the Hùng kings.

Allegedly around 258/257 BC Văn Lang / Lạc Việt was conquered by the neighboring people of the Âu Việt to the north . Their leader Thục Phán (An Dương Vương) founded the united kingdom of Âu Lạc , which in turn fell to the (historically documented) Nam Việt about fifty years later .

Names of the Hùng kings

The names given below and further information about the reigns of the Hùng kings correspond to various traditions that have presumably grown in layers; they cannot be proven, nor can the existence of the Hồng-Bàng dynasty as such.

  1. Kinh Dương Vương (Lộc Tục founded a Càn dynasty), 3079–2839 BC Or 2879–2794 BC Chr.
  2. Lạc Long Quân (Sùng Lãm founded a Khảm dynasty), 2839–2439 BC Or 2793-2525 BC Chr.
  3. Hùng Quốc Vương (Lân Lang, founded the Cấn dynasty), 2439–2218 BC BC or 2524–2253 BC Chr.
  4. Hùng Diệp Vương (Bửu Lang, founded the Chấn dynasty), 2218–1918 BC BC or 2252–1913 BC Chr.
  5. Hùng Hy Vương (Viên Lang, founded the Tốn dynasty), 1918–1718 BC Or 1971–1771 BC Chr.
  6. Hùng Huy Vương (Pháp Hải Lang, founded the Ly dynasty), 1718–1631 BC Or 1771–1690 BC Chr.
  7. Hùng Chiêu Vương (Quốc Lang founded the Khôn dynasty), 1631–1432 BC BC or 1690–1490 BC Chr.
  8. Hùng Vĩ Vương (Thừa Vân Lang founded the Đoài dynasty with 5 kings), 1431–1331 BC. BC or 1435–1335 BC Chr.
  9. Hùng Định Vương (Chân Nhân Lang founded the Giáp dynasty with 3 kings), 1331–1251 BC. BC or 1336–1256 BC Chr.
  10. Hùng Uy Vương (Hoàng Long Lang founded the Ất dynasty with 3 kings), 1251–1161 BC. BC or 1257–1167 BC Chr.
  11. Hùng Trinh Vương (Hưng Đức Lang founded the Bính dynasty with 3 kings), 1161–1054 BC. BC or 1168-1061 BC Chr.
  12. Hùng Vũ Vương (Đức Hiền Lang founded the Đinh dynasty with 3 kings), 1054–958 BC. BC or 1062–966 BC Chr.
  13. Hùng Việt Vương (Tuấn Lang founded the Mậu dynasty with 5 kings), 958–853 BC. Or 967–862 BC Chr.
  14. Hùng Anh Vương (Viên Lang founded the Kỷ dynasty with 4 kings), 853–754 BC. BC or 863–779 BC Chr.
  15. Hùng Triệu Vương (Chiêu Lang founded the Canh dynasty with 3 kings), 754–660 BC. BC or 780–686 BC Chr.
  16. Hùng Tạo Vương (Đúc Quân Lang founded the Tân dynasty with 3 kings), 660-568 BC. Or 687-595 BC Chr.
  17. Hùng Nghi Vương (Bảo Quang Lang founded the Nhâm dynasty with 4 kings), 568–408 BC. BC or 596–336 BC Chr.
  18. Hùng Duệ Vương (Huệ Lang founded the Quý dynasty with 3 kings), 408–258 BC. BC or 337–258 BC Chr.

The following archaeologically verifiable cultures in the same period are proven and distinguishable from each other:

Cultural meaning

Modern Temple of the Hùng Kings in Ho Chi Minh City

In today's Vietnam, the Hùng kings are revered as the forefathers of the nation. There are numerous temples dedicated to them. Every year on the tenth day of the third month of the Vietnamese lunar calendar, the festival of the Hùng kings ( Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương ) is celebrated. Since 2007, this day has been a state non-working holiday.

In 2012, the "Worship of the Hùng Kings in Phú Thọ" was added to the UNESCO list of the intangible cultural heritage of mankind .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Danny J. Whitfield: Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Vietnam , Scarecrow Press, 1976, pp. 114, 117
  2. ^ Keith Weller Taylor: A History of the Vietnamese , Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 210;
    Ben Kiernan: A History of Vietnam, 211 BC to 2000 AD , Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 53, 186ff;
    Liam C. Kelley: The Biography of the Hồng Bàng Clan as a Medieval Vietnamese Invented Tradition , In: Journal of Vietnamese Studies , Vol. 7, No. 2, summer 2012, pp. 87–130
  3. ↑ Ben Kiernan: A History of Vietnam, 211 BC to 2000 AD , Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 53
  4. ^ Keith Weller Taylor: The Birth of Vietnam , University of California Press, 1991, p. 7
  5. ^ Danny J. Whitfield: Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Vietnam , Scarecrow Press, 1976, pp. 4, 9, 128, 131/132, 333
  6. ↑ see also commons: Category: Temples of Hùng Kings
  7. ^ Ho Chi Minh City government: One day off to celebrate Vietnamese founders , April 3, 2009 ;
    VietBao.vn: Thông qua phương án xây nhà Quốc hội và nghỉ ngày giỗ Tổ , April 2, 2007
  8. ↑ UNESCO.org: Worship of Hùng kings in Phú Thọ