Hacı I. Giray

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  • Khanate of Crimea in the 15th century

    • Hacı I. Giray († August 1466 in Bakhchysaraj ) was the founder of the Khanate of Crimea . He is considered the ancestor of the Giray dynasty, which ruled over the Crimea until 1783 .

    origin

    Hacı's exact origin is unclear. A Russian monastery register z. B. describes him as the son of Khan Devlet Berdi (r. 1424-27) and this as the son of Toktamish - a descendant of Genghis Khan and a Khan of the Golden Horde . A Crimean Tatar ruler's document from 1529 also classifies Toktamish as one of the ancestors of the Girays and Polish chronicles confirm this. But there are other options. Thus, by Abu'l Ghazi and Abdul Ghaffar one of the leaders Toktamischs Tash Timur, brought into play by the (796 are some coins from the Crimea n. H. ) is. This would have been the grandfather or the father of Hacı Giray and a distant relative of Toktamish.

    Promotion and Politics

    Around 1433, the empire of the Golden Horde, ruled by Ulug Mehmed (ruled 1419–38 / 45), split into several parts. Already in 1424 the Khan Devlet Berdi (ruled 1424-27) had established himself on the run from his rivals in the Crimea and tried to usurp power from there.

    Hacı Giray tried again. His ascent was initially due to the close political ties to Lithuania , where he had lived for a while. As early as 1428 he is said to have tried unsuccessfully to make himself Khan in the Horde. Around 1442 his name appears in connection with a bloody conflict over the Genoese outpost Caffa , and in 1443 he is said to have been brought from exile in Lithuania by a Tatar embassy and made Khan of the Crimea.

    Always threatened by the Golden Horde, he allied himself against them with the Kingdom of Poland , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Strengthened in this way in terms of foreign policy, he was able to expand his sphere of influence between the rivers Dnepr and Don , and Caffa had also been tributary to him since 1454. In the early 50s he repeatedly pushed a khan of the Golden Horde, Sayid Ahmad I (r. 1433-55 / 60) back and was finally able to defeat his horde on the Don in August 1465 (i.e. shortly before his death).

    In 1456 he was overthrown by his son Hayder due to a palace revolt, but he regained power that same year.

    Khan Hacı died in 1466 and was buried in Bakhchysarai . His sons followed him on the khanthron, especially Nur Devlet and Meñli I. Giray .

    Remarks

    1. ↑ See Henry Hoyle Howorth: History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia, London 1880, pp. 448f .; Alan W. Fisher: The Crimean Tatars, pp. 3f .; Gottlieb Messerschmid: Abulgasi Bagadur Chan's gender book of the Mungal-Mogulischen or Mogorischen Chanen, Göttingen 1780, p. 181.

    literature

    • Alan W. Fisher: The Crimean Tatars , Hoover-Press 1978
    • Henry Hoyle Howorth: History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia , London 1880
    • Bertold Spuler : The Golden Horde. The Mongols in Russia; 1223-1502 . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1965.

    See also

    personal data
    SURNAME Hacı I. Giray
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION Founder of the Khanate of Crimea
    DATE OF BIRTH 14th century or 15th century
    DATE OF DEATH August 1466
    Place of death Bakhchysarai