Hadiyya (people)

Hadiyya or Hadiya is a name used for various ethnic groups in southwest Ethiopia . The “real Hadiyya” are those groups who speak the Highland Eastern Cushitic language of the same name , Hadiyya . But also groups that speak Ethiosemitic languages and can also trace back to the historical Hadiyya state are called Hadiyya.

In the 2007 census, 1,284,366 people identified themselves as Hadiyya, making them 1.74% of the Ethiopian population and the eighth largest ethnic group in the country. The Libido / Mareqo subgroup, which was recorded separately, had 64,381 members.

Subgroups, language and culture

The Hadiyya in the narrower sense (English Hadiyya proper ) include the subgroups of Leemo, Sooro, Baadawwaachcho, Baadoogo, Shaashoogo and Libido (Mareqo), which differ culturally and linguistically, but trace back to common origins. They are also called Gudela by neighboring peoples . Its current area is in the southwestern Ethiopian highlands in the vicinity of the city of Hosa'ina , mostly at an altitude between 1800 and 2500 meters. It is part of the region of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples . Within this region there is a Hadiya zone , which includes most of the Hadiyya; the libido live in the woreda Mareko in the Gurage zone . As the southernmost group, the Baadawwaachcho are separated from the rest of the Hadiyya by the Kambaata ; the libido in the north are surrounded by Oromo and Gurage.

The language of most Hadiyya is Hadiyya (Hadiyyisa), a highland East Cushite language . Since the 18th century, the libido has linguistically developed so far away from the other hadiyya that their language libido is generally regarded as an independent language. The Dubamo or Dante who live in the Hadiya zone originally spoke Kambaata , but have switched to Hadiyya since the early 19th century.

There are also Hadiyya clans who have joined the surrounding ethnic groups. The seven subgroups of the Eastern Gurage (who speak Ethiosemitic languages ) refer to themselves as seba Hadiyya ("seven Hadiyya") or Silt'e and refer to the former Sultanate of Hadiyya. The term Hadiyya was also used for the Qabena .

The society of the “actual Hadiyya” is divided into clans ( sulla ), which are further subdivided into lineages (lineages, moollo ) and sub-groups (sub-lineages, mine ). These are led by elected heads ( danna ). As with many other ethnic groups in Ethiopia, craftsmen - v. a. Potters, woodworkers and tanners, but not blacksmiths - a demarcated social group with low status. Most of the actual hadiyya today belong to different Christian churches, besides there are also Muslims among them. The traditional fandaano religion, on the other hand, has hardly any significance.

history

About since the 12./13. A hadiyya state existed in the 19th century . This is said to have included Cushitic as well as Ethiosemitic-speaking groups and is described in Arabic and Ethiopian sources as a Muslim sultanate. He was temporarily dependent on the Christian Ethiopian Empire and the Muslim Federation Ifat / Adal . Its location in the western Harar Plateau is believed to have been in the 13th century ; in the 14th century it shifted further west. In the first half of the 14th century it became tribute to Ethiopia under Amda Seyon I. In the middle of the 15th century, the Hadiyya empire was split into a Muslim part, who strived for independence, and a Christian part, which was based on Ethiopia, although close ties continued to exist between the two blocs. In 1531 Hadiyya was conquered by the Sultanate of Adal under Ahmed Grañ without a fight .

In the 16th century, the Hadiyya state collapsed under the pressure of the Oromo expansion. Since then, at different times, various groups left their area east of the Rift Valley and joined the Oromo, Gurage , Alaba , Qabena and Sidama . The "real Hadiyya" who migrated to the west developed the fandaano religion, which has similarities with Islam and over time has taken on more and more non-Islamic elements.

Originally the Hadiyya were nomadic cattle breeders who also cultivated some barley and mainly exchanged butter for grain and ensete from neighboring farmers. Due to their increasing population density, they switched to a mainly rural way of life from the beginning of the 19th century and adopted barley, wheat, lentils and tobacco from the surrounding ethnic groups, and from the second half of the 19th century also yams, taro, pumpkin, cabbage and before all Ensete. The rinderpest , which decimated their herds from 1889 to 1891, gave further impetus to the transition to arable farming.

At the end of the 19th century, the Hadiyya were incorporated into Ethiopia, which was dominated by the Amhars , and thus became taxable subordinates of the state ( gäbäre ). Their land was declared the property of the Ethiopian emperor, who gave control of the land and peasants to Amharic settlers ( näftäñña , "gun bearers"). The näftäñña and their middlemen ( balabbat ), recruited from the local population, became the land-owning upper class. With the conquest, the plow and new crops such as teff , peas, potatoes and flax were also introduced.

From the end of the 19th century Muslim missionaries were active with the Hadiyya, from the 1920s also Christian missionaries from Europe and North America; the Ethiopian Orthodox Church , on the other hand, only made greater efforts to promote the Hadiyya after the Second World War, after it had previously restricted itself to the Amharic settlers.

During the Italian occupation , the gäbär system was abolished in order to ensure the loyalty of the southern Ethiopian ethnic groups, and under Haile Selassie the former gäbär became free tenants, who, however, continued to be economically dependent on the large landowners. After the Derg came to power in 1974, a land reform was carried out, which was initially very well received by the Hadiyya. The land was declared a state property, which was left to the farmers for use. At least the Leemo were not affected by forced relocations.

literature

• Alke Dohrmann: The Hadiyya Ensete Gardens in South Ethiopia. Cultural significance of a food plant. Lit, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-8125-3 ( Göttingen Studies on Ethnology 14), (Also: Göttingen, Univ., Diss., 2003).
• Ulrich Braukämper : History of the Hadiya of South Ethiopia. From the beginnings to the 1974 revolution. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1980, ISBN 3-515-02842-0 ( Studies on Cultural Studies 50).
• Ulrich Braukämper: Dubamo , Hadiyya ethnography and Hadiyya history. In: Siegbert Uhlig (Ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica . Volume 2: D - Ha. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-447-05238-4 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Central Statistical Agency : Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results ( Memento of March 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 4.7 MB), (p. 16, 84f.)