Hans Wilhelm Carl Friedenthal

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Hans Wilhelm Carl Friedenthal (born July 9, 1870 in Scheitnig near Breslau , † August 15, 1942 in Berlin ) was a German physiologist , anthropologist and human scientist who also dealt with eugenics . It also plays a role in the origins of the pH scale .

Life

Hans Friedenthal grew up in a wealthy middle-class household. His father Paul Gaspard Friedenthal was a banker, chairman of the supervisory board of the National Bank in Berlin and landowner in goldsmiths near Breslau. This financial independence enabled him to study medicine in Kiel, Heidelberg, Munich, Berlin and Bonn, and in 1894 he received his doctorate .

In his early research, he provided evidence of the serological consanguinity between humans and primates . He worked with the Russian behaviorist Ivan Pavlov for several months in Petersburg on the physiology of the digestive organs.

In 1895 Hans Friedenthal and Martha Anna Ludowika Elster married. Martha Friedenthal, herself from a humble background, was socially committed and, with the help of Friedenthal's fortune, founded a house for illegitimate city children. She found foster care for older children in small families in the countryside. The marriage was divorced again in 1924; Martha Friedenthal later married the sociologist Alfred Vierkandt .

On June 9, 1896, the eldest son Richard was born; two more children, Käthe (1898) and Walter (1899), followed.

From 1902 Friedenthal taught as an anthropologist at Berlin University.

In 1904, Friedenthal and Eduard Salm found a simple way to reliably measure the hydrogen concentration (degree of acidity, later referred to as the pH value ) in solutions. You determine this value for the first time with the help of color indicators such as litmus .

Friedenthal conducted research in his private laboratory in Nikolassee near Berlin and after 1905 lived in the villa built for him by Fritz Schirmer at Prinz-Friedrich-Leopold-Straße 4.

In 1911 Friedenthal had six brochures by the Dutch anatomist Bernhard Siegfried Albinus , Frederik Ruysch and Jan Ladmiral (1736–1741) bound in human skin by the bookbinder Paul Kersten (1865–1943). The specimens are now in the Stanford School of Medicine in California .

In 1914 Friedenthal and his son Richard went on extensive study trips through the Balkans, Hungary, Romania, Turkey and Greece to investigate the spread of the so-called Mongolian spot.

On October 23, 1914, as a doctor of the medical faculty of the University of Berlin, he signed the “Declaration of the University Lecturers of the German Reich” , in which the signatories supported the German Reich and its power-political striving in the First World War.

From 1919 he headed the department for experimental biology, in 1920 the sex biology department and from 1922 to 1923 the anthropological department of Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexology . He researched the effects of sex hormones and the gender differences. After leaving the institute, he remained connected to it as a member of the board of trustees and through publications in the journal Die Ehe . In 1924 he became an honorary professor at Berlin University, where he founded the Institute for Human Studies . He undertook research into the natural history of humans and worked as a characterologist and marriage counselor.

Due to his research and collection of the physiological differences between people, Friedenthal took the view, in contrast to Zionism , that a Jewish race cannot be proven on the basis of racial characteristics. People of the Jewish faith are therefore only part of a religious community and not a race.

He published his research results and those of his colleagues at his own expense. His folios on "the natural history of man" and "the general and special physiology of human growth" are among his most important works. The last part of his inherited fortune, before inflation dissolved the rest, he used to draw hundreds of illustrations of the “hair coat of man” and a monumental “animal atlas”. In 1916 Friedenthal had to sell the house in Nikolassee again for financial reasons. He had invested most of his fortune in war bonds that had become worthless .

In the course of the emancipation of German Jewry in the 19th century, his grandfather and his entire family were baptized in 1832. Because of his Jewish descent, Hans Friedenthal was dismissed from the university in 1933. Believing in protection through the assimilation of his ancestors in Germany and in view of his own merits, he made no effort to leave the country after 1933.

On August 15, 1942 Friedenthal committed in view of his imminent deportation to his home in the Mommsenstraße suicide . He was buried in an urn burial on September 7, 1942 in the Protestant cemetery of the Holy Cross in Berlin.

Publications

  • The obstetrician's aids and description of a new perforator with extraction device . Heydorn, Bonn 1894, also: Dissertation, University of Bonn 1894.
  • On the reaction of the blood serum of vertebrates and the reaction of living matter in general ... Archive of general physiology . 1901 and 1904.
  • On the removal of the extracardial cardiac nerves in mammals . In: Archives for Physiology . no. 1/2, 1902, pp. 135-145.
  • About absorption attempts after switching off the liver by transferring the blood from the portarum vein into the inferior vena cava below the renal veins. Part I . In: Archives for Physiology . no. 1/2, 1902, pp. 146-148.
  • About the permeability of the intestinal wall for substances of high molecular weight. Part II: The passage of colloid bodies through the intestinal wall . In: Archives for Physiology . no. 1/2, 1902, pp. 149-153.
  • About reaction determinations in natural serum and about the preparation of a salt solution suitable to replace the natural serum . In: Negotiations of the Physiological Society in Berlin . 1902/03.
  • with Werner Magnus : An experimental proof of natural relationship in plants . In: Reports of the German Botanical Society, 24, 1906, pp. 601–607 ( digitized version )
  • The determination of a reaction of a liquid with the help of indicators . In: Journal of Electrochemistry . Volume 10, 1904.
  • Development, construction and formation of hair . Gustav Fischer, Jena 1908.
  • Contributions to the natural history of man . 5 parts, Gustav Fischer , Jena 1908–1910.
  • Works in the field of experimental physiology . 2 parts, Fischer, Jena 1908–1910.
  • Animal hair glass . Fischer, Jena 1911.
  • General and specific physiology of human growth . Springer, Berlin 1914.
  • About the degree of blood relationship in the family or kin . In: Journal of Ethnology . Organ of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory . Berlin 1916.
  • About the expansion of the universe and the limits of space and time. The new number of sands . In: Annalen der Naturphilosophie . Volume 14, 1921 ( digitized version ).
  • Joseph Borgmann (author of the first edition); Hans Friedenthal (revision of the 2nd edition): The fine leather manufacture in its entire production method including the combination tanning, from the raw material to the finished product. Practical manual for tanners, leather dyers and leather dressers (= Die Lederfabrikation. Practical manual for the entire leather industry. Volume 3). M. Krayn publishing house, Berlin 1923.
  • Infant and child care . Schwabacher, Berlin [1925].
  • The special position of humans in nature. Man and monkey. Ullstein Verlag , Berlin 1925.
  • Human studies . Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig 1927.
  • The love theory, a love school for married couples . ed. by Margarete Kaiser, with contributions by: Hans Friedenthal, Kultur-Verlag, 1928.
  • with van Westenrijk: About changes in the blood reaction when acids and alkalis are introduced intravenously .

Web links

Wikisource: Hans Friedenthal  - Sources and full texts

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  • www.genetalogie.de
  • www.hirschfeld.in-berlin.de
  • Bibliography and second-hand bookshops
  • Patent applications

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Derek Lowe, Das Chemiebuch, Librero 2017, p. 240
  2. ↑ Hans Wagener: Richard Friedenthal. Biography of the great biographer. Gerlingen 2002, p. 14.
  3. ↑ Klaus Piper (Ed.): … And suddenly it's evening. By and about RF: essays, poems, fragments, appreciation, autobiography. Munich and Zurich 1976, p. 36.
  4. ↑ On the anthropology of the Jews . In: Journal for Demography and Statistics of the Jews . 1st half of 1926, issue No. 4–6.
personal data
SURNAME Friedenthal, Hans Wilhelm Carl
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Friedenthal, Hans
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German anthropologist and physiologist
DATE OF BIRTH July 9, 1870
PLACE OF BIRTH Nice near Breslau
DATE OF DEATH August 15, 1942
Place of death Berlin