Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster

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Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, in the regalia of the Order of the Garter
Coat of arms of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster

Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster KG (* around 1310 in Grosmont Castle ; † March 23, 1361 ) was a famous member of the English royal family as well as a diplomat, politician and soldier.

Life

He was the son of Henry Plantagenet, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Maud de Chaworth . In the paternal line he was a great-grandson of King Henry III .

As a soldier in the English Army, he led numerous campaigns in Scotland and France as part of the Hundred Years' War and gained recognition from King Edward III. His greatest victory was in the Battle of Auberoche in 1345 against the French, after which he is said to have received £ 67,000 from ransom money for French nobles captured there. He later managed to arrange a monumental (but only temporary) peace treaty with France.

From his father he inherited the title of 4th Earl of Lancaster , 4th Earl of Leicester and the state office of Lord High Steward in 1345 . In addition, Edward III raised him. in recognition of his services to Earl of Derby in 1337 and Earl of Lincoln in 1349 .

After he had participated in the siege of Calais (1346-1347), Edward III took him. 1348 as a founding member of the Order of the Garter . He fought in the Battle of Winchelsea in 1350 and was promoted to Duke of Lancaster in March 1351 . He gained additional prestige through a trip to Prussia undertaken from 1351 to 1352 in support of the Teutonic Order against the pagan Lithuanians .

The Scottish King David II was captured by the English at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346 and was only released in 1357 on a promise of a ransom. Among the concessions made by David II for late payment of the ransom to England was that he elevated Henry of Grosmont to Earl of Moray on April 5, 1359 .

In 1360 he was one of the diplomats who signed the Peace Treaty of Brétigny between Edward III. and John II of France negotiated.

family

Henry married Isabel de Beaumont , with whom he had two daughters:

Works

In 1354 he wrote the Livre de Seyntz Medicines . This is a work in the form of a prayer in which Henry enumerates his sins based on seven wounds. It is known for its unusual personal style.

literature

  • Émile Jules François Arnould: Henry of Lancaster and his Livre des seintes medicines. In: Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. Volume 21, 1937, pp. 352-386.
  • Kenneth Alan Fowler: The King's lieutenant. Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310-1361. Barnes & Noble, New York 1969, ISBN 0-389-01003-0 .
  • Alison Weir: Britain's Royal Families. The Complete Genealogy. The Bodley Head, London 1999, p. 76.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Oxford DNB: Henry of Lancaster [Henry of Grosmont]. Retrieved October 8, 2013 .
  2. ↑ Jonathan Sumption: The Hundred Years War. Volume 1, Faber and Faber Limited, London 1990, ISBN 0-571-20095-8 , p. 470.
  3. ^ William Arthur Shaw: The Knights of England. Volume 1, Sherratt and Hughes, London 1906, p. 1.
  4. ↑ Print e.g. E.g . : EJ Arnould: Le livre de seyntz medicines. The unpublished devotional treatise of Henry of Lancaster. Anglo-Norman Text Society, Oxford 1940.
predecessor Office successor
New title created Earl of Derby
1337-1361 		John of Gaunt
Henry Plantagenet Earl of Lancaster
Earl of Leicester
Lord High Steward
1345-1361 		John of Gaunt
New title created Earl of Lincoln
1349-1361 		Title expired
New title created Duke of Lancaster
1351-1361 		Title extinguished
(recreated in 1362 for John of Gaunt )
New title created Earl of Moray
1359-1361 		Title expired
personal data
SURNAME Grosmont, Henry of, 1st Duke of Lancaster
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Member of the English royal family, as well as diplomat, politician and soldier
DATE OF BIRTH around 1310
PLACE OF BIRTH Grosmont Castle
DATE OF DEATH March 23, 1361