Hesperiinae

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Hesperiinae
Comma thick-headed butterfly (male) (Hesperia comma)

Comma thick-headed butterfly (male) ( Hesperia comma )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Glossata
Superfamily : Hesperioidea
Family : Thick-headed butterfly (Hesperiidae)
Subfamily : Hesperiinae
Scientific name
Hesperiinae
Latreille , 1809

The Hesperiinae (Hesperiidae) are a subfamily of the thick-headed butterflies (Hesperiidae) within the butterflies . It is a large subfamily with over 2000 species in approx. 325 genera.

features

As an apomorphic feature of this group it is stated that in most species the vein M2 of the forewing arises closer to the vein M3 than to the vein M1. In some genera of the Hesperiinae, however, it arises exactly between M1 and M3 as in many representatives of the Pyrrhopygini and some species of the Eudaminae . They have a short fore wing cell. In most Hesperiinae the abdomen is longer than the hind wings. They are also characterized by a special wing position that they adopt during sunbathing and warming up. They keep the hind wings fully extended, while the forewings are only half open and held upright. In the males, stigmata are formed on the forewings . Some genera have specialized scales on the underside of the fore and hind wings, tufts on the hind wings, or a stigma on the top of the hind wings.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The Hesperiinae are distributed worldwide. However, about half of the species occur in the Neotropic . The majority of the moths are diurnal. The larvae feed almost exclusively on monocotyledons ; a total of species from ten plant families are among them. These include: Arum family (Araceae), palm family (Arecaceae), lily family (Liliaceae), banana family (Musaceae) and sweet grass (Poaceae).

Systematics

The subfamily Hesperiinae, nominate subfamily of the Hesperiidae family, is extraordinarily rich in genera and species. A total of about 325 genera with over 2000 species are currently known. It is by far the most biodiverse subfamily, containing two-thirds of the species in the Hesperiidae family. In Europe there are only eleven species in six genera. In the latest systematics by Warren et al. (2009) eight tribes are distinguished:

Classification of the Hesperiinae according to Warren et al. (2009)

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Ackery et al. (2003: p. 273/4)
  2. ↑ a b Warren et al. (2009: pp. 467-523)
  3. ↑ Burns, JM, Janzen, DH, Hallwachs, W., Hajibabaei, M., Hebert, PDN: Genitalia, DNA barcodes, and life histories synonymize Telles with Thracides - a genus in which Telles arcalaus looks out of place (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae ). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 63 (3): 141-153, 2009 ISSN  0024-0966

literature

  • Philipp R. Ackery, Rienk de Jong and Richard I. Vane-Wright: Butterflies: Hedylioidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea. In: Kükenthal's Handbuch der Zoologie , 4 (35): pp. 262-300, Walter de Gruyter. Berlin, New York 2003, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 Google.books (not completely visible)
  • Andrew D. Warren, Joshua R. Ogawac and Andrew VZ Brower: Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24: 642-676, Westort 2008 doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2008.00218.x
  • Andrew D. Warren, Joshua R. Ogawac and Andrew VZ Brower: Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34: 467-523, 2009 doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3113.2008.00463.x

Web links

Commons : Hesperiinae  - collection of images, videos and audio files